Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezidumile eziningi zomhlaba

Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo isayensi komphefumulo, it is elihunyushwe ngokuthi igama elithi "Psychology", nguye owasungula emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule abantu. Futhi namanje ke ungacimi, kodwa kunalokho, kwaqubuka ngamandla kuqale. Kulokhu isikhathi eside izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezidumile zishintshile ngokuphindaphindiwe, bethuthuka futhi aphelele umcabango ngokwesayensi ngezwe kwangaphakathi yomuntu. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka zalotshelwa a lot of izincwadi, izihloko kanye nezincwadi kulesi sihloko. Futhi-ke, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezidumile, ukuhlola ezicashile kanye ubuqili isayensi umphefumulo, niyenze ukutholakala Amazing, okuyizinto kakhulu okungokoqobo izinsuku namuhla. Amagama anjengathi Freud, Maslow, Vygotsky, Ovcharenko, eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezidumile babé izinto kweqiniso kule ndawo cwaningo. Kubo, isayensi umphefumulo ibilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile ezimpilweni zabo. Bangobani nokuthi sibonga kwentuthuko yesayensi babé adumile? Cabanga ngalo mbuzo kabanzi.

Freud sasho

Kwabaningi, lesi sazi edume kunazo - lena ke. bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe wamavukelambuso is cishe wonke umuntu ezaziwayo.

Freud sasho wazalwa ngo-1856 edolobheni Austro-Hungarian ka Freiberg. Lo muntu uye abe uchwepheshe kweqiniso emkhakheni Neurology. impumelelo yakhe eyinhloko itholakala lokuthi ukuthi uthando lwakhe lokuhlola amazwe imfundiso ukuthi kwaba yisisekelo esikoleni psychoanalytic. Kuyinto wezengqondo abadumile, Freud ukubeka phambili umqondo wokuthi imbangela yanoma yiziphi zokugula isimiso sezinzwa kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi izinqubo bayazi futhi unganakile kakhulu ukuthonya nomunye. Kwaba intuthuko yangempela isayensi.

Abrahama uHarold Maslow

Isigaba "izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezidumile", akungabazeki, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucabanga ngaphandle lokhu usosayensi abanamakhono. Wazalwa ngo-1908 e-American e-New York. Abrahama Maslow ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela Psychology neyobuntu. Ngo wokulandisa yakhe singathola into efana "Pyramid Maslow sika". Linikezwa imidvwebo ekhethekile, amelela izidingo zabantu eziyisisekelo. Kwezomnotho, wathi mbhoshongo wathola isicelo eye yasakazwa kabanzi.

Melani Klyayn

Emkhakheni we "odumile ingane wengqondo," umuntu wakhe akuyona indawo yokugcina. Melani Klyayn wazalwa ngo 1882 e-dolobha yase-Austria. Uhlale nostalgically wakhumbula esengumntwana, okuyinto yagcwala injabulo. Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo isayensi umphefumulo Melanie waphaphama ngemuva yena kabili babhekana psychoanalysis.

Ngemva kwalokho, 'uKlein ubhala zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele ezibalulekile zesayensi izici ingane psychoanalysis. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela Melanie kuzoxabana imfundiso kaZiqu kaFreud yengane ukuhlaziywa, useyakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi umdlalo izingane elula sika angathola izimfihlo eziningi psyche wengane.

Viktor Emil Frankl

zokusebenza kwengqondo ezidumile emhlabeni - liphinde usosayensi Frankl nesibongo. Wazalwa ngo-1905 e-dolobha yase-Austria. Yena baduma ngenxa yezinto esiyingqayizivele emkhakheni wezokusebenza kwengqondo, hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi nefilosofi. imizamo kaFrank wathola Okwesithathu saseVienna School of Psychotherapy. He is nombhali "Ukucinga Elomuntu for Meaning." Futhi ukuthi lo mbhalo Wawugujelwani ekuguquleni indlela innovative kwengqondo, okuyinto engcono eyaziwa ngokuthi logotherapy. Lisho ukuthini? Kulula. Man kulo khona kwakhe uzama ukuxazulula inkinga yokuthola injongo yokuphila.

Adler Elisabeth

Lo muntu naye ungowasendaweni izinkanyiso yesayensi abaye washiya uphawu ekujuleni kwengqondo. Wazalwa ngo Penzing, Austria ngo-1870. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Alfred akazange abe umlandeli Freud. Yena ngamabomu bancishwa ubulungu emphakathini psychoanalytic. Scientific basisiza kuye iqembu lakhe siqu abangane ngaphansi kwegama "Association of Psychology ngamunye." Ngo-1912 wakhipha umqulu wokulandisa "Ngo ubunjalo emsipheni."

Ngokushesha, yena omula kuqala dalo we "Journal of Psychology ngamunye." Lapho amaNazi ashaqe amandla, wayeka umsebenzi wakhe ngokwesayensi. Ngo-1938, u-Alfred Isibhedlela yavalwa. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa wayesesendaweni uchwepheshe kuphela emkhakheni wezokusebenza kwengqondo, okuyinto bavikela umqondo wokuthi ingxenye eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa ubuntu - isifiso ukugcina nokuthuthukisa ehlukile yayo siqu futhi ubuntu.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi umfanekiso umuntfu lakhetsa kuphila ngato kunomthelela oqonde ngqo kwi izinga nakho ukuthi ezuza ekugugeni kwakhe. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kakhulu kwehlisa ngomuzwa collectivism, omunye isegazini imizwa ezintathu equlekile ngaphakathi isakhiwo "Mina". Isitayela design yokuphila esekelwe umuzwa wokuba yingxenye yomphakathi, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kuncike ukuthuthukiswa futhi ingase ibe isakhasa. Kulo mBhalo, kungase kube izingxabano nokungezwani. Ososayensi ukugcizelela ukuthi uma lowo muntu angathola ukuba nolimi olulodwa olwaziwayo nabanye, babe Neurotic akusho emsongela, futhi kuyaqabukela onesibindi zasendle futhi izenzo ngamawala.

Bluma Zeigarnik

Lokhu kubuye usosayensi abaziwa umhlaba wonke. Famous sokusebenza kwengqondo zesifazane Bluma Zeigarnik wazalwa ngo-1900 edolobheni Lithuanian impikiswano. Wafunda Psychology at enjalo ochwepheshe adumile njengo Karl Levin, E. Spranger, K. Goldstein. Zeigarnik wabelane imibono yesayensi obonakaliswe Gestalt kwengqondo. Abaphikisi lo mbono uzamile ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuyekisa Bluma uvakashele Levin amakilasi, kodwa waqhubeka kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Owesifazane idume ukuthi ukuzihlukanisa indlela eyingqayizivele, eyaziwa kamuva ngokuthi "Zeigarnik umphumela".

incazelo Its ilula. Isazi esithile sokusebenza kwengqondo zesifazane esebeké olula. Useke eqoqwe inani elithile labantu futhi wababuza okwesikhathi esithile isikhathi ukuxazulula inkinga ethile. I ucwaningo Bluma wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi nezenzo zomuntu sidle uyakhumbula ingcono kakhulu mayelana iphelile.

Hakob Pogosovich Nazaretyan

Merit lokhu usosayensi emkhakheni wezokusebenza kwengqondo nokuziphatha mass emkhakheni ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu kwamasiko ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Hakob Nazaretyan - ongowokuzalwa emzini Baku. Yena usosayensi owazalelwa ngo-1948. Phakathi neminyaka engu-yesevisi isayensi, wabhala isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele, okuyinto uphenyo izinkinga yentuthuko umphakathi theory.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Hakob Pogosovich kwaba nombhali ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi emhlabeni kukhona ibhalansi techno-yobuntu, okuyinto ubuhlobo obuseduze intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye namasiko.

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

kufanele kwakhe ngokuthi lo Mozart kwengqondo, nakuba uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ekuqaleni wafundiswa sphere ohluke ngokuphelele ulwazi. Wangena Faculty Medical, bese idluliselwe uMthetho. Futhi ngisho wabonisa isithakazelo into engavamile ezincwadini. Washiya usosayensi futhi nendawo yamathe onyawo esikhulu isayensi umphefumulo. Lev Vygotsky wazalwa ngo-1896 edolobheni Belarusian ka Orsha. Lokhu usosayensi elingangena ngokuphepha nibhekane ohlwini onesihloko esithi "izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezidumile Russia." Kungani? Yebo, okokuqala ngoba umlobi kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwamasiko-zomlando kwengqondo. Ngo-1924 Vygotsky emsebenzini wakhe ezibucayi reflexology. Eminyakeni kamuva waba ukufunda ngokujulile ezindabeni yokukhuluma nemicabango futhi wadala ucwaningo sihloko. It Lev Semenovich wafakazela ukuthi izinqubo yokucabanga ethi imicabango eduze kuyasebenzisana nomunye. Ngo-1930, i-imibono yakhe kwavele usosayensi lolu shushiso: nezikhulu zaseSoviet wazama uwuveza obala ukuze ukuhlanekezela bemvelo ngemibono.

Mozart Psychology kushiya imisebenzi embalwa eyisisekelo, a lot of izincwadi, kufakwe iqoqo imisebenzi.

Emibhalweni yakhe, wayimboza izinkinga ezingokwengqondo yentuthuko ubuntu, imibuzo kwethonya ubunikazi ngokuhlanganyela. Yiqiniso, Vygotsky wenza umnikelo omkhulu isayensi umphefumulo futhi eyala ahlobene: yezilimi, ifilosofi, sezifo, pedagogy.

Viktor Ivanovich Ovcharenko

Lesi sazi esivelele wazalwa ngo-1943 edolobheni laseDimitrovgrad (Ulyanovsk esifundeni). amasevisi lakhe kukhona ngendlela emangalisayo omkhulu kwengqondo. Ngokwenza ucwaningo lwakhe ngesayensi somphefumulo sakhombisa inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo ekuthuthukisweni yayo. Viktor Ivanovich wabhala hhayi omunye umsebenzi zibaluleke kakhulu. Usosayensi iye ehlaziya Psychology lwezenhlalo futhi wafundelwa ngokujulile umbuzo ubudlelwane obufanele.

wokulandisa yakhe eshicilelwe hhayi kuphela ngesiRashiya, kodwa futhi abezindaba angaphandle.

Ngo-1996, iningi lososayensi Ovcharenko ezihlongozwayo umbono ka rethinking nezikhathi komlando psychoanalysis Russian. Waqalisa ukukhiqizwa izincwadi sokuthandaza, esasibonisa biography of abantu 700 nodumo, kuhlanganise nesazi abezenhlalakahle, zefilosofi, isiko.