ULevin Kurt: biography, isithombe, impumelelo, ukuhlolwa. Inkolelo ka-Kurt Lewin yasensimini imfushane

U-Kurt Levin ungumqondo wezengqondo obani umlando wakhe wokuphila nempumelelo okufanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile. Lo ngumuntu obeka inhliziyo yakhe ekwenzeni umhlaba ube mncane, ukulawula ubuhlobo obuvela emaqenjini ahlukene ezenhlalo. Wayengumuntu wesintu wangempela.

U-Kurt Levin: Biography

Isazi sengqondo sekusasa sazalwa ngo-September 2, 1890 edolobheni laseMogilno, eyayisensimini yesifunda sasePosen esifundazweni sasePrussia (namuhla yindawo yePoland). Lapho ezalwa, lo mfana waqanjwa ngokuthi nguTsadek. Kodwa igama elinjalo ePrussia alizange lihle kahle. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umfana wanikezwa igama lesibili - uKurt.

Le nsizwa yayingenaso ithemba ngekusasa elijabulisayo esifundazweni esikude. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1905 umndeni wakhe wasuka emzini wakubo waya eBellin. U-Kurt uya e-Faculty of Medicine eYunivesithi yaseFreiburg, ufunda izinkulumo nge-biology eNyuvesi yaseMunich.

Umsebenzi wezesayensi

Ngokuqhamuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uLevin wayekhonza ebutho laseJalimane. Lapho wenza ukutholakala kwakhe kokuqala. Usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo wathola ukuthi umbono womhlaba womuntu uxhomeke ngokuphelele eqenjini nasemvelweni ahlanganiswe kuyo. Ngakho-ke, lo mcwaningi wazi ngesibonelo sakhe ukuthi amasosha angabheka umgodla ongcolile indawo yokuhlala efanelekile, kanti intshani ngisho neyombali - indawo yokufa. Ngakho, uLevin wakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi umbono wezwe ojikeleze amasosha ahamba phambili akufani nokucabanga kwabantu ngesikhathi sokuthula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko ekuqondeni kwenzeka kuzo zonke izithunywa zomphakathi owodwa.

ULevin Kurt, owalimala ngesikhathi sesevisi, waxoshwa, okwamenza aqhubeke esebenza kulo mqondo wakhe eNyuvesi yaseBerlin.

Ekuqaleni, uLevin wangena ekujuleni kwengqondo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izifundo zakhe ziye zashintsha ngokuqondile isiqondiso sabo ekuqondeni kwengqondo ye-gestalt. Lokhu kwenzeke ukuthi kusebenze nabamele lesi sikole, njengoMax Wertheimer noWolfgang Köhler.

Ngo-1933, uLevin Kurt waya eNgilandi, lapho ngokushesha athuthela khona e-United States. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakunomhlangano wesosayensi no-Eric Trist, owahlatshwa umxhwele ngokucwaninga kukaRart ngesikhathi ekhonza empi.

Ngaphambi kwalokho, uLevin wachitha izinyanga eziyisithupha njengoprofesa eStanford, wabe eseya e-Cornell University. Ngokushesha uKurt wamiswa njengomqondisi weCentral for Group Dynamics eMassachusetts Institute of Technology.

Ngo-1946 kwakungumnyaka ojabulisayo kaLevin. Wacelwa ukuba athole indlela engakwazi ukunqoba ubandlululo lwezenkolo nobuhlanga. U-Kurt uthathe isilingo esaziwa kamuva ngokuthi "i-psychotherapy yeqembu." Ukuphumelela okunjalo kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekile esisekelweni seLational Laboratory Laboratory.

Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, uKurt wahlanganyela ekuvuselelweni kwengqondo kwezinguboshwa zangaphambili.

U-Kurt Levin washona ngoFebruwari 12, 1947 edolobheni laseMassachusetts. Usosayensi ovelele wangcwatshwa ezweni lakubo. Ukufa kwakhe kwafika ngesivinini ngemuva kokuvula isikhungo sokubuyisela abaholi bezwe. Ngeshwa, uKurt wayengeke aphile ukuze abone ukugcwaliseka kwephupho lakhe.

Izidingo zokuthola ukutholakala kwe "Field Theory"

Ukwakhiwa kwenkundla yasensimini kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lempumelelo yezesayensi ngqo, ikakhulukazi nge-physics kanye nezibalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uLevine wayethandwa yi-psychology, lapho naye afuna ukuveza khona ngokuqondile. Ngakho-ke, ukutholakala okuyinhloko kweLevin esikhathini sokuthunyelwa kwempi kwaba ukuhlolwa kwengqondo. Ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukucwaninga kwengqondo kwakungavumelani ngokuphelele nalomqondo, ngoba le sayensi isekelwe ezintweni ezifana nomphefumulo, imizwa, umlingiswa. Ngamafuphi, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukucwaninga kwengqondo kuhlobene eduze nalokho okungeke kufundwe ngaphansi kwe-microscope.

Inkulumo yasendle kaKurt Lewin (ngokufushane)

Nokho, uLevin waya ngaphesheya, ethatha isibhamu sezinkampani ngekhamera efihlekile. Phakathi nokuhlolwa kwakhe, usosayensi wabeka isihloko ekamelweni, lapho kwakukhona izinto ezihlukahlukene: incwadi, insimbi, ipensela nokunye okunjalo. Wonke umuntu waqala ukwenza izinto ngezinto. Kodwa ukukhala ngebell kwakujwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu.

Ukuzama kukaKurt Levine kwaholela ekuphetheni ukuthi umuntu ongenayo injongo eqondile ungaphansi kwethonya lezinto zangaphandle. Zonke lezi zihloko zenziwa ngezenzo ezinjalo, okwakuthiwa ziqhutshelwa yizihloko ngokwazo. Kusukela kulokhu kulandela ukuthi abantu, baxoshwa endaweni ejwayelekile, kulula ukuphatha. Phela, akekho ohlanganyele ekuhloleni okudingekayo ukuthatha ipensela noma ukushaya insimbi. Ngakho-ke, izinto zathonya izidingo zomuntu, okuyinto isazi sezengqondo esiphatha njengezinye izindleko zamandla, okwenza kube nokucindezeleka kwalesi sifundo. Lesi simo samcindezela umuntu ukuba asuse, okwakunelungelo lokwanelisa izidingo.

Ngakho-ke, inkolelo yenkambu kaKurt Lewin, isifinyeto sayo esinikezwe ukunakwa kwakho kulesi sihloko, sekuyi-original interpretation yokuziphatha komuntu. Siyabonga kuye, kwafakazelwa ukuthi isethi yezenzo ngokugcwele sincike ezimweni ezithile zenkambu ekhona.

Okucacile Imfundiso kaLevin Kurt

Ukutadisha kwengqondo ngokuziphatha komuntu kuncishisiwe kuye eziningana zezici:

1. Ukuziphatha kufanele kuhlaziywe esimweni sesimo sonke.
2. Umuntu esimweni esihlukile uvela ngezibalo.
3. Ukuziphatha kuvele kuphela ngezenzakalo zangempela. Okwenzekile esikhathini esidlule noma kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo, nje kuphela kushintsha ukubunjwa kwensimu.
4. Ngokufanayo lapho uqala ukubuka, ukuziphatha akusizi ngaso sonke isikhathi izizathu ezifanayo.

Ososayensi bafaka umqondo "wokuzikhethela okuvamile." U-Kurt Levin, isithombe sakhe osibona kulesi sihloko, ukholelwa ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu akukwazi ukulungiswa ngomlingiswa womuntu noma ukukhuliswa kwakhe. Nokho, zombili lezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu. Kulokhu kulandela ukuthi ukuziphatha kungumphumela wokuxhumana komuntu ngamunye nesimo.

Izindlela zokuphatha eziyisisekelo

ULevin Kurt, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wafunda izindlela zokuphatha izinhlangano emaqenjini. Ngokusho kososayensi, zingahle zihlukaniswe ngesitayela sobuholi. Kunezitayela eziyisisekelo ezinjalo:

1. Isiphathimandla. Lo muntu uzizwa enonya ngenxa yokucindezela okukhulu komholi weqembu.
2. Isitayela sentando yeningi sinokuthuthukiswa okuhlanganyelwe kweqhinga ngokusekelwe ezinkambisweni ezihlangene, kucatshangelwa umbono womholi.
3. Qedela ukungahoxiswa. Okubalulekile kwalesi sitayela ukuthi zonke izinqumo zenziwa ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela komholi. Ubamba iqhaza ekuhlukaneni kwemisebenzi, kuphela uma ebuzwa ukwenza kanjalo. Umholi onjalo akavumi ukudumisa noma ubani.

Imisebenzi kaKurt Levine esikhungweni sokucwaninga

Ngo-1944, uKurt Levin waphumelela ukuthola isikhungo seSifundo seBlue Dynamics eMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wayephishekela imigomo ephelele. Usosayensi konke ukuphila kwakhe wayethemba ukwamukelwa emhlabeni wobuntu. Ngokombono wakhe, bonke abantu badinga intando yeningi ukuze banciphise izinhlanzi zabo. Ukuze kusize ukuvela komuntu, uKurt Levin wazama ngosizo lweqembu lokuqeqesha.

Usosayensi uyaqiniseka ukuthi ngenxa yezinguquko iqembu lezenhlalakahle lidinga ukuhamba ngezigaba eziningana:

• "Ukudonsa";
• "Shintsha";
• "Iqhwa elisha."

"Ukukhwabanisa" yisimo lapho leli qembu lilahliwe khona ngokuphila kwalo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Kulesi sikhathi ulahlekelwa ngokuphelele. Esikhathini esilandelayo, unikezwa uhlelo olusha nolushukumisayo, emva kwalokho isimo seqembu kufanele siphinde sibe "nesithwathwa".

Ngendlela, nguLevin ophethe uhlobo olusha lokuxhumana phakathi kwengqondo kwengqondo kanye neklayenti lakhe. Ngokuvamile, ukuxhumana okunjalo kufana nengxoxo phakathi kukadokotela nesiguli. U-Kurt washintsha ngokuphelele isu lokukhulumisana kokwakha. Ukukhulumisana kwakhe kwakufana nenkhulumomphendvulwano phakathi kwabafundi kanye noprofesa.

Ukuhlolwa kwengqondo kwengqondo uKurt Levine

Isikhungo sokucwaninga, esakhiwe nguKart Levin, ukuqeqeshwa ngenkuthalo kwabasebenzi bezinkampani ezahlukene. Isibonelo, i-Harwood Manufacturing Company isetshenziselwe izinsizakalo zezokwelapha ngengqungquthela ukuthi ngokufakwa kwanoma yiziphi izinqubo abasebenzi bebhizinisi sebeye bafunda isikhathi eside kakhulu, okuholela ekwenzeni izinga lokukhiqiza.

Ukuxazulula le nkinga, uLevin Kurt wathatha amaqembu amathathu abasebenzi futhi wabanika imisebenzi:

• Iqembu lokuqala linqume indlela engcono yokusebenza ngayo inqubo entsha yezobuchwepheshe.
• Iqembu lesibili kwakufanele ukhethe abameleli abaningana abazokuthunyelwa kubaholi ukuze baxoxe ngezinqubo ezintsha.
• Iqembu lesithathu, elihlanganisa abasebenzi kanye nabaphathi, kwakuzokwenza "ucabangisise" ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe obusha.

Njengomphumela wokuhlola, kwenzeka ukuthi imiphumela emihle iboniswe iqembu lokugcina. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuphathwa kwenkampani kutholwe izincomo ezivela ku-psychologist ovelele.

Abalandeli besosayensi

U-Kurt Levin, ophumelele esikuhlolisisile, uthandwa kakhulu. Ososayensi abavela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe bahlakulela imibono yakhe, bathuthukise "inkolelo yensimu". Phakathi kwabantu abaqhubeka nomsebenzi we-psychologist ovelele, umbhali wenkolelo ye- dissonance engqondweni, uLeon Festinger, umcwaningi wocwaningo lwezemvelo uRoger Barker, kanye nabasunguli bezinkolelo zokuxazulula izingxabano Morton Deutsch noBlueuma Zeigarnik.