Izibonelo iziqalo. Atavism kanye iziqalo: izibonelo

Atavism kanye iziqalo, izibonelo iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo kulesi sihloko kungabesifazane nobufakazi obungenakuphikiswa ka ukuziphendukela kwemvelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela eziphilayo. What do imiqondo le futhi ibaluleke ngani yokutholakala kwabo nesayensi yanamuhla?

ubufakazi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Evolution ibizwa ngokuthi i inqubo okungenakuhlehliswa yentuthuko wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ukusuka kokulula kuya kokulukhuni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eziphilayo esikhundleni nomunye. Isizukulwane ngasinye okwalandela inezici okuthuthukile ezaziphase isakhiwo, okwaholela lithathelwe yabo kuze kube nezimo ezintsha zokuphila. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto eziphilayo okuqondene amayunithi ezahlukene taxonomic, kufanele abe nezici ezifanayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, forelimbs izinyoni pinnipeds ezincelisayo aqukethe emnyangweni ofanayo. Lokhu ehlombe, ibhodi lemisindo futhi esihlakaleni. Kodwa ngoba izinyoni ingashintshwa ukuze fly lokhu Yebo siguqulelwa izimpiko, futhi zasemanzini abakhileyo iyaguquguquka ku lasty.Takie ngokuthi izitho homologous.

Enye ubufakazi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zifana. Ngakho, izinambuzane, kanti amalulwane amaphiko. Kodwa ekuqaleni, basuke ethathwe izicubu EPITHELIAL, futhi yamuva ayizona isikhumba folds phakathi kwamakhamera abheke phambili emikhawulweni labaqaphi elingemuva. Lemigwamanda banezizinda ezingefani, kodwa izici ezivamile lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti. kwavela Lesi simo kusukela umehluko izici noma kwehlukana.

Atavisms iziqalo kanye nezifundo okwaboniswa anatomy ngokuqhathanisa nazo ubufakazi oqondile zobudlelwane obabuphakathi bukhoma Imininingwane.

Uyini rudiment?

Ezinye iziphathimandla ithi "lakhiwa esingesihle." Lokhu kusho - akwanele ekuphumeleliseni ngalokuphelele imisebenzi ohlosiwe. Eqinisweni, iziqalo ngokuthi iziphathimandla, ngubani phakathi kwemvelo baye balahlekelwa incazelo yawo yangempela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, asethuthukile, ngokwezinga elithile, futhi ngakolunye - kukhona esiteji yokuqothulwa. izibonelo esivamile izinsalela - ushintsho ukuma endlebeni futhi degree of ukuthuthukiswa imisipha ezisizungezile ke. Okhokho bethu njalo ngomzuzu-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ulalele kusondela ingozi noma yokutakula eside elindelwe. Ngakho-ke, lo mumo igobolondo kwaba sibi kakhulu, futhi imisipha ukunikeza ukuhamba kwayo. ikhono zesimanje udlalise izindlebe akunakwenzeka ukuba wusizo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngakho-ke, abantu ngala amakhono zingatholakala kakhulu kuyaqabukela.

Izibonelo iziqalo kubantu nasezilwaneni

izitho ampofu okhokho esingokwemvelo etholakala ezilwaneni ngokuvamile lokho kwanele. Izibonelo iziqalo - iyona khona abantu we coccyx, okuyinto insali ka umgogodla umsila, kanye ukuhlakanipha amazinyo kwadingeka kwezinhlelo ukuhlafuna indawo nokudla ezingacubunguliwe. Kulesi sigaba, thina cishe ungayisebenzisi labo izingxenye zomzimba. Isithasiselo - a rudiment, okuyinto mlisa kusolakala njengefa kusukela ezidla uhlaza. Le ngxenye isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene ama-enzyme futhi abahilelekile ihlazo, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nabobaba kakhulu mfushane. Ukuze uqhathanise, umuntu, ubude bayo isilinganiso imayelana 10 cm, nezimvu noma ikamela - a amamitha ambalwa.

Uhlu iziqalo womuntu uyaqhubeka ijwabu leso lwesithathu. Ngo ezihuquzelayo nezilwane kulesi sakhiwo moisturises futhi asihlanze yangaphandle igobolondo amehlo. Kubantu, namanje has usayizi encane, futhi imisebenzi ngenhla eyenziwa leso elingenhla. Iminonjana kuyinto yesibazi nomuntu phezulu esibhakabhakeni - kungcono futhi nokuqala kokuhlala kwezingxenye umugqa olandelayo amazinyo, lapho umuntfu ute isidingo.

Iziqalo izilwane afihliwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni hindlimbs imikhomo, halters nezinambuzane dipteran kotoryeya pair of amaphiko ayeshintshe. Kodwa izinyoka nemilenze athuthukile, ngoba ngenxa izici zesimiso wabo oporono motor, isidingo ngabo engekho nhlobo.

Iziqalo: izithombe izitshalo

izitho Vestigial ube izitshalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukhula kusofa has a esigaxeni athuthukiswe kahle, okuyinto ukuphunyuka komhlaba ne internodes side. Kuyinto ngokucacile izikali ebonakalayo ezincane, okuyinto namaqabunga esingesihle. Njengoba komhlaba asikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi walo eziyisisekelo - ukugcwaliseka photosynthesis ke ekuthuthukisweni kwabo akudingekile. Rudiment pistil esingesihle futhi ngesimo tubercle e staminate izimbali ukhukhamba.

Kuyini atavism?

Enye bokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyinto throwback. Singasho ukuthi lo mqondo kuphambene iziqalo. Atavism ngokuthi kuzibonakalisa abantu zezici isici wawoyise. Ukuba khona kwabo libonisa ngezinga elithile nokuzwelana phakathi izizukulwane. Okwakuhlalwa kuzo lapho kusaqalwa yentuthuko embryonic ne has a umsila futhi gill anezikhwama. Uma embryogenesis kwenzeka ngendlela efanele, lezi zakhiwo uzoma ukuthuthukisa. Endabeni ka kokunikezwa kwe-inqubo ukuthuthukiswa ukukhanya zingavela abantu izici uncharacteristic kwesakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, tailed umfana indoda-amphibian - hhayi kumane kuyiphupho.

atavism indoda

Ngaphezu ukubukeka umsila ejwayelekile ka atavism kubantu kukhona ngokweqile umzimba izinwele. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba ephakeme kakhulu kunokuvamile. Kukhona amacala lapho izinwele ukuthi camera nge umzimba wonke ngaphandle neyamasundu kwamathe ezinyawo. Atavism kubhekwe nesenzakalo ezengeziwe nezindlala mammary emzimbeni, nokunye okunjalo kungavuka kwabesifazane nabesilisa. Lesi sici lisuselwa ezincelisayo, lapho izingane eziningi bazalelwa. Ngakho kunesidingo ukuze uveze konke kubo kanyekanye. Kubantu, asikho isidingo esinjalo.

Umugqa amazinyo yesibili - futhi isici esivela okhokho bethu akude. Ngokwesibonelo, ushaka lemigqa eziningana. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze izilwane ezidla ezinye kahle wasithatha bese ubamba inyamazane. Kukhona umbono angabhekwa throwback futhi microcephaly. Kuyinto kofuzo okubonakala ukwehlisa ubungako bobuchopho ugebhezi. Kulokhu, zonke ezinye ngezabelo zomzimba ziyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela evamile. Lokhu kubandakanya retardation engqondo.

Man pryavlyaet ezinye zezimpawu kwezilwane ngesimo ikhaliphe. Ngokwesibonelo, hiccups isici ejwayelekile of izilwane zasemhlabeni lasendulo. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela kwakudingekile ukuba kudlule amanzi ngokusebenzisa imigudu yokuphefumula. A reflex ukuziqonda, okuyinto ikakhulukazi kahle ithuthukiswe izingane, kubonisa isilwane esinjalo. Basuke ephethe izinwele abazali abenza kahle kukho hhayi ukulahlekelwa.

Atavism zezilwane nezitshalo

Izibonelo zokubonisa izici ngokhokho izilwane Akukhona ukubukeka yoboya noma indluzelekazi nemilenze e imikhomo. Lokhu kuwubufakazi imvelaphi yalezi izilwane ezingasekho ezincelisayo nezinselo ezivulekile, esigqoke. Atavism futhi ukuthuthukiswa iminwe ezengeziwe amahhashi yesimanje, ezihambayo nemilenze e izinyoka , izibankwa legless. Primrose ngezinye izikhathi baye ukwanda isibalo stamens futhi 10. kwadingeka Ngakho kakhulu okhokho izitshalo yesimanje. Nakuba izindlela zanamuhla stamens 5 kuphela.

Izimbangela izinguquko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Njengoba ubona, nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula futhi atavism zenzeka izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane. Lokhu kubonisa ngezinga elithile kinship amayunithi ezahlukene taxonomic ezingaphakathi eMbusweni efanayo. izinguquko kwemvelo njalo zenzeka bebheke eyinkimbinkimbi okwandisa, ukuze eziphilayo bayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa kangcono izimo zemvelo noma inyi.

Cabanga ngesibonelo sika-nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula futhi atavism, sesibonile ohlelweni umphakathi zomhlaba eziphilayo ukuvumelana kwezincwadi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.