Uyini rudiment? Iziqalo kanye atavism - nezimfanelo ezingavamile zomunye bemvelo noma ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo?

Uyini rudiment? Le ngxenye lwesitshalo noma lwesilwane umzimba, ayisekho wenza umsebenzi walo, okuyiwona wona kuhloswe. Izinto eziphilayo yavama izakhiwo vestigial, senze nesifundo somuntu wabo inikeza amathuba eminye ukuze ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Izibonelo iziqalo emhlabeni isilwane

Yiziphi iziqalo? Izibonelo ingatholakala yonke indawo. Ngokwesibonelo, Dandelions, nakuba ukukhiqiza kabusha ngaphandle kokukhulelwa Basaba izimbali futhi ifomu impova. Phakathi izinambuzane zingatholakala mabhungane ukundiza, okuye bakheké ngokuphelele amaphiko afihliwe ngaphansi elytra okuqinile tho.

Awezinyoka ezifana nenhlwatsi, namanje abe ukhalo vestigial, hhayi exhunywe amathambo (njengaku ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo kakhulu) - ke nje zintanta e komgodi ongaphakathi kwamathumbu. Lokhu kuwubufakazi bokuthi izinyoka savela ezihuquzelayo abane-ezinemilenze. Ezinye izibankwa kukhona esingesihle, imilenze vestigial ngaphansi kwesikhumba sabo ukuthi kukhona imperceptible kusuka ngaphandle.

Izilwane eziningi unamehlo esingesihle. Ngokwesibonelo, emhumeni abakhileyo kwamanzi ezifana nezinhlanzi (Tetra waseMexico intulo zinhlobo Typhlotriton spelaeus futhi Proteus anguinus), izimpumputhe, kodwa abe amehlo esingesihle vestigial. Amehlo Tetra Mexican abe lens, i-retina esiwohlozayo futhi izinzwa optic. salamanders Blind unamehlo abafundi ukuthi yokukhanya ngaphandle nezinkophe avaliwe.

Imikhomo abe ukhalo vestigial nemilenze yangemuva. Amathambo umlenze zikhona emzimbeni umkhomo, kodwa hhayi exhunywe lonke skeleton. Kunalokho, bamane lithathwa izicubu isilwane. Kuyinto ibufakazi ukuvela imikhomo gogo eliwumhlaba, nge nokulahlekelwa kulandela yezingalo nemilenze yangemuva futhi ukhalo. All that remains esingesihle e imikhomo yesimanje, siyizinsalela lezi zakhiwo.

iminonjana womuntu

Uyini rudiment? Lokhu ingxenye yomzimba, ngalahlekelwa ukuvela injongo yayo eqondile, ezifana-appendix yomuntu, okuyinto bokugcina bake bakhonza i umsebenzi obalulekile, futhi manje enza kungalimaza kakhulu kunokuba kusize. I coccyx yinsali amathambo umsila yokhokho wezinkawu - iyingxenye asalile nomsila embryonic, kwakheka okuyinto emzimbeni womuntu, bese ukubola futhi "kudliwa" izivikeli mzimba. Kodwa abanye abantu namanje, nakuba ezingavamile kakhulu, azalwa enemisila (atavism).

Abanye abantu abakwazi udlalise izindlebe zabo, nakuba lokhu impahla amakati esingokwemvelo nezinye izilwane futhi oludingekayo ukuze kwasendaweni umsindo ngenkathi abazingeli. Okhokho balezi ngokuzithandela abantu abazanayo bebelokhu herbivorous, futhi zazidingeka amazinyo ngoba ukuhlafuna futhi igaya ukudla isitshalo. Bangaphezu kuka-90% wabo bonke abantu abadala babe okuthiwa ukuhlakanipha amazinyo. Lezi namazinyo engenamsebenzi ngezinye izikhathi zikhule kahle futhi kungabangela ubuhlungu obukhulu. Ngokuvamile abantu nje balahle kubo.

Ukubukeka "washington" kubantu futhi uphawu esingesihle. ngokuvamile le ndlela yokusabela kwenzeka uma kubanda noma uvalo. Imisipha ngasesinqeni se unwele ngalunye isinyathelo ukuthi siphakamise izinwele up. Ezilwaneni, lo msebenzi lihlobene nokugcinwa ukushisa. Inkinga efanayo kungenzeka uma imfuyo wasongelwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, "a noboya ukuma-up" ivumela isilo ukubheka esongelayo ngaphezulu njengomlilo, kodwa liguqubele.

ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda ngoba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo

kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi has a lozalo ehlukile ukutadisha ejwayelekile isihlahla phylogenetic. umzimba ngamunye has uchungechunge esiyingqayizivele yokhokho ezivamile yokuxhuma nabo. Kumele kulindeleke ukuthi izinto eziphilayo baloku umlando lozalo. Uyini rudiment? Ngo biology, lokhu yokwakheka nezici yamangqamuzana non-zisebenza kahle.

Uyini rudiment? Ngokwesibonelo, amaphiko zinyoni iphuzu iyinkimbinkimbi yokwakheka buka, izakhiwo, ngokukhethekile aguqulelwe indiza sikagesi, kodwa kukhona izinyoni ukuthi lindiza benganikezwa. Isibonelo esimangalisayo - izikhova amaphiko okungase ngokuqiniseka ngokuthi izitho vestigial, ngoba azidingeki indiza, kodwa kwakufanele alinganisele ngenkathi isebenza khwelana bedansa.

ososayensi onemibuzo

izakhiwo Vestigial kuholele zemvelo bedidekile phakathi nawo wonke umlando. Leliphepha ososayensi nesithakazelo eside ngaphambi Darwin aqala ezihlongozwayo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe jikelele ngemvelaphi zilwane. Ososayensi abaningi izingqondo XVIII-XIX leminyaka, ezifana uJohann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), Georges-Lui Leklerk, Comté de Buffon (1707-1788) kanye Zhorzh Kyuve (1769-1832) sekuyisikhathi utadisha le nkinga.

engamashumi ayisithupha ngaphambi ukushicilelwa "The Origin of Species," Darwin, onguchwepheshe French ovelele nokwakheka Geoffroy Saint Hilaire (1772-1844) ziqondiswe udaba wamaphiko vestigial i nentshe ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu. Wayengumuntu at ukulahlekelwa kungani imvelo njalo ishiya "ulandelela umzimba," okuyinto ayisadingeki. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) wanikeza incazelo ezinye izakhiwo vestigial e "Zoological Philosophy" yakhe.

atavism

Atavism kuyizici ezithile sibangela eqenjini elincane eziphilayo. Izibonelo zibandakanya umsila womuntu (projector coccygeal), iminwe eyengeziwe noma leWebhu, hairiness normal, imisipha sublingual ezinjeni nokunye. Ezinye izakhi zofuzo ezinenkinga, isibonelo, phansi ingane, umane ingasebenzi emva kokuzalwa. Yiziphi iziqalo kanye atavism? Lona nje kuwukusika elijikayo kobufakazi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Atavism izici yilezi:

1) khona esigabeni omdala wokuphila;

2) ukungabi khona izimpawu nomzali noma okhokho zamuva;

3) i rarity kakhulu sabantu.

Omunye atavism esimangalisa kunazo kukhona imisila womuntu. Ezinye zithambile, equkethe kuphela imisipha, kwakheka imithambo yegazi nezinzwa. Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube uqwanga samanje. Lezi imisila angasuswa surgically. Ngu Atavisms zihlanganisa inani elikhulu izingono (2-x).

puzzle yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Kuyini e nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula biology? Iziphathimandla It, lalahlekelwa injongo yabo ngqo futhi ayisekho ekufezeni imisebenzi yabo oqondile. Uma zonke izinto eziphilayo bavela kukhokho oyedwa, khona-ke ukulahlekelwa noma ukuzuza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kanye izakhiwo kubangelwa kwemvelo zomlando.