Izici Jikelele izilwane zasemhlabeni: isakhiwo sangaphakathi, amathambo, ukuthuthukiswa

Amphibians - kungcono impela abameleli ambalwa kwezilwane, ngenxa yohlobo lwazo, kunezinguqulo ezingaba ngu-3 kuphela ayizinkulungwane. Futhi eRussia butholakala 28. kuphela Leli qembu ibhekwa izazi zezinto eziphilayo le bakudala kakhulu ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo eliwumhlaba, kodwa nokho kakhulu izici jikelele. Amphibians ihlukanisa izici bokuphila yokwakheka mass emangalisayo. Bonke ngothi lwabo, Yiqiniso, akukho hlu, kodwa ezithakazelisa kakhulu ukugxila kuwufanele.

isikhumba

Kufanele ukhulume okokuqala, ekhuluma izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi ngiyagula ekilasini izilwane zasemhlabeni. Wonke amalungu aleli qembu elithi isikhumba nqunu, ngaphandle esikalini. Kodwa epidermis ayegcwele nezindlala ezinamangqamuzana amaningi okuyinto ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala nomzimba omncane ifilimu liquid emzimbeni, udlala indima ebalulekile cutaneous emishinini yokuphefumula kanye negesi lokushintshisana.

Nokho, ngezinye uhlobo oluthile okuyizinto izilwane zasemhlabeni waphansi, keratinized ungqimba engenhla. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, Toads. Izidumbu zabo babe ngu-60% imbozwe corneum stratum. Kodwa khona layo akuvimbeli Ukungena umswakama ngesikhumba.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi imfihlo, ethakwa ekhiqizwa kwezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni, ngokuvamile iqukethe isignali, ezinobuthi noma abakucasulayo izinto.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, licace obonakaliswe zinhlobo eliwumhlaba actinic. Thina clawed amaxoxo, isibonelo, babe izimpiko, efana triton clawed. Basuke kwakhiwa ngenxa keratinization isikhumba uqweqwe kwi kalula.

Futhi abameleli legless ku corium (dermis), futhi bonke esandleni sakhe kukhona isikali bony, okuyizinto izinsalela izilwane zasemhlabeni ikhava ezazikhona inkathi Paleozoic (eminyakeni million 542 edlule).

umbala

Umbala futhi kuyathakazelisa. Yena kubangelwa sombala lamaseli corium futhi izingqimba engezansi epidermis. izici Jikelele izilwane zasemhlabeni kukuvumela ukwazi ukuthi umbala lezi zidalwa ongenza imisebenzi eminingana.

Kuyasiza esingalindelekile, dudula noma ekuvimbeleni izimbangi / izilwane ezidla ezinye, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyasiza ukuhlukanisa ubulili. By the way, iduna eduze ekuqaleni umbala zizalela inkathi kuba babubukhulu ngokwengeziwe. Lokhu kubasiza ukuthi bakwazi ukuhlangabezana abantu abavuthiwe, ngisho ukugqugquzela kokuzalela.

Futhi ezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni, bonke labo abazokwazi umbala kuye ngemuva. Ikakhulukazi, frog ukhuni, obizwa nangokuthi Ukhala esihlahleni. Zingase zihluke sinombala marsh komthunzi noma uzokhanya, namabala okungafani.

skeleton

On futhi likuchaza ngokuningiliziwe izici jikelele izilwane zasemhlabeni. Ummeleli we umzimba ekilasini ngalinye ihlukaniswe ngezigodi ikhanda, umzimba, umsila nasemilenzeni emihlanu kwabonakala. Kuyinto ngokuqondene nenxenye eliwumhlaba ukuphila lwamathambo salezi zidalwa kuhlukaniswe.

vertebra wesibeletho imelelwa eyodwa kuphela. Siqukethe imigodi emibili articular. Siyabonga kubo, ugebhezi nge amathambo okushiwo.

Wendlovu amathambo ngaphezulu. Kodwa inani labo kuyahlukahluka, kuye ngezici zilwane. Ngo izilwane zasemhlabeni waphansi, ngokuvamile mayelana 7. legless - 100.

vertebra Sacral libhekene khona izinqubo transverse. Kuyinto kubo enamathiselwe amathambo iliac okhalo. Yiqiniso, legless amathambo sacral engekho, futhi uMnyango umsila baye bazwakalisa kakhulu kabi. Ngo waphansi, futhi nakakhulu. Kuzo wayemelela ithambo ezincane, okuthiwa urostyle. Wabeka emuva ngesikhathi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-embryo ngesimo eziningana ehlukile amathambo amancane, abese tho.

cranial

Ukukhuluma amathambo endoda izilwane zasemhlabeni nokwakheka kwawo kwangaphakathi iyonke, kudingeka ukhulume imininingwane Nogebhezi lwawo. Kuyinto engxenyeni enkulu ihlala cartilaginous kukho konke ukuphila. Kakhulukazi ngenxa ababuthakathaka ukuthuthukiswa phezulu futhi bone chondral.

Isakhiwo lulonke lusesimweni kahle elula. esifundeni occipital uwukubonakaliswa amathambo amabili lateral. eyinhloko esiqokiwe kanye Lobe engenhla cishe isakhiwo esifana izinhlanzi. Babonisa uqwanga.

ithambo olfactory elise phambi isokhethi iso. Thina tailed ke, ngasendleleni, umusi okugeza.

Okuthakazelisayo siyithambo lamellar, okuyinto zitholakala ezinhlangothini ngemuva Yekhanda. Njengoba kuthiwa abanakho imilenze. Ezansi ukuthuthukiswa skull sithinta ngokucacile esihlukanisa amathambo endoda izilwane zasemhlabeni. Iqiniso lokuthi phansi uphahlwe parasphenoid esikhulu, futhi ukwakheka kobuso abathintekayo ithambo visceral (pterygoid futhi LasePalatine).

emihlathini

Nabo futhi kufanele kafushane. I engenhla emhlathini isakhiwo izinhlanzi ezifanayo. Lower uzwakalise uqwanga mekkelevym embozwe ekhoneni namathambo kwamazinyo. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo, lwaleli hyoid akazibandakanyi okunamathiselwe Ugebhezi apharathasi emhlathini.

Ngakho, uma sifinyelela iziphetho, kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele izici ezinhlanu esihlukanisa izici ngokuqhathanisa kwezilwane eziphila ezweni nezilwane izinhlanzi.

Amphibians ampofu ithambo Chondral waphawula autostiliya (Compound palatal isikwele uqwanga Nogebhezi lwawo), ikhava actinic kwezinye zezinto eziphilayo, ukuncishiswa ikhava gill kanye Ushintshe hyoid lwaleli.

emphinjeni sikhwama

Mayelana nalesi izici yokwakheka emangalisayo abamele squad waphansi futhi kuwufanele etshela, ukuxoxa isakhiwo sangaphakathi izilwane zasemhlabeni.

Emphinjeni kuyinto lesikhumba esikhwameni bubble njengoba sphere noma isilinda esenzelwa e kumila ngomlomo ingaphakathi amaxoxo. Kuyinto ngosizo besilisa yokukhwelana agqamise umsindo ucingo ukuvuthwa ngabanye. Ngakho lokhu isikhwama - uhlobo elalinembobo-amplifier.

Kubukeka ngempela nokunwebeka. Izindonga kwangaphakathi zasesikhwameni aqukethe ungqimba onensika we mucosa kanye ikhava lesikhumba, okuyinto esimweni esejwayelekile itholakala kumila ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo.

Thanda umsindo lokho? Pretty elula. Ixoxo inhales emoyeni, ngemva kwalokho sidlula emphinjeni ngesikhathi kunyakaza we yezwi.

Ngokuvamile lezi zidalwa isikhwama esisodwa kuphela. Kodwa amaxoxo besilisa oluhlaza bobabili, futhi zitholakala nhlangothi zombili emlonyeni.

ukuzungeza

Ayikho incazelo mayelana nale ndaba futhi ungenza izici jikelele izilwane zasemhlabeni. Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi e-izidalwa ivaliwe, futhi emithathu chambered inhliziyo. igazi kuhlangana kwenzeka e-ventricle. Okukhishwayo kuphela salamanders ukuthi akudingeki amaphaphu inhliziyo has emakamelweni amabili.

kunyatheliswa izilwane zasemhlabeni athakazelisa ngokukhethekile ngoba kuthinta izinga lokushisa komzimba, nakho kuncike ukuthi kuyini ngaphandle. Lena - izidalwa nongenanembeza.

Imithambo zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu. Esikhunjeni wamaphaphu ithuthwe wegazi emithambo yegazi kuze esikhunjeni kanye namaphaphu. Ngokusebenzisa lwaleli yomthambo i-aorta-ke silethwa izitho zomzimba. A carotid yomthambo i-aorta lwemithambo yegazi nikeza zeNhlangano ikhanda.

Ukukhuluma ngokucacile yokwakheka okwenza idatha futhi angathanda ayisho ukuthi izilwane zasemhlabeni ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu umzimba. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi izilwane zasemhlabeni zinikezwa ngemizimba wegazi okuxubile. Lesi sici efanayo kubangela ukuzibamba yabo.

izitho ezibukwayo

Zonke ohlupha kubo, ngokuqondene biology. Amphibians ngokubona kukhona iningi ulwazi mayelana nezwe elingaphandle. Kufeza indima ebalulekile ekutholeni ukudla. Abaningi amphibian umfundi mpo, sifana ikati. Bona ukuzingela ebusuku. Emini, ngenxa isakhiwo ethile abafundi iphenduke umqhewu emincane kakhulu. Ngakho bavikelekile elangeni.

Kodwa kukhona abazingeli emini. Okunjalo amphibian umfundi evundla kuqamekelwa inyamazane, bona, ngokuba phezu kwamanzi.

Ngokuvamile, izitho okubonakalayo lezi zidalwa uzinike amandla ukuthola ezihlukahlukene lezinto, ukuhlaziya ingozi futhi osabela ngayo kukho. A ingqondo zokuzivikela, ngasendleleni, kulula ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukubona nomzingeli ukuthi unakho ukuhlasela frog ngokushesha igxume lapho ebumnyameni, enethemba babe obunganakekile.

izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kabanzi abe inkumbulo. It igcina ulwazi atholwe ngaphambili mayelana nezici zezwe (mayelana izilwane ezidla ezinye nokudla t. D.). Yingakho izilwane zasemhlabeni ukuhlukanisa izinto, eyingozi kakhulu. Ososayensi bathola ukuthi le-iselesele ngemva kokuba singenile bee, umuvi noma bee Bumble isikhathi eside kakhulu, qaphela zonke izinambuzane, ngandlela-thile efana "kumuntu osonile" kwabo ngaphambili.

iphunga

Akunakwenzeka yini ukushiya ngaphandle ukunakwa isihloko, ukhuluma ngani Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izilwane zasemhlabeni. Isitho olfactory ethize yabo. Emakhaleni yangaphandle ivaliwe futhi ngavula ngaphansi kwethonya imisipha ekhethekile, futhi ukuxhumana maphakathi ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo.

Futhi kufakwe ohlelweni izikhwama olfactory ukuthi secrete imfihlo ethile ogelezayo nokumanzisa kubo. Umqulu zohlobo ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi lihlukile. Isikhwama ngobukhulu kule legless (Cecilia) kanye anurans (amaxoxo, Toads).

Ngokuthakazelisayo, isitho olfactory siyasebenza kuphela emoyeni. Uma amphibian is emanzini, emakhaleni ayo zivaliwe.

ezithakazelisayo ngokukhethekile uhlaka iphunga caecilians burrowing. Bayakwazi ukubona iphunga ukudla, noma abameleli balo zezilwane noma zokumilayo nezindawo eziphila kuyona. Amphibians umuzwa ebucayi kakhulu iphunga, okuyinto zaba zimbi kakhulu entwasahlobo.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo

Manje singakwazi lesi sihloko kabanzi, nokuthuthukiswa izilwane zasemhlabeni. Emphilweni umjikelezo izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zakhomba izigaba ezine - amaqanda, isibungu esiteji yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo, nokuvuthwa.

Ngakho, akukho amaqanda amphibian endlwaneni, sengathi nje izinhlanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi adinga umswakama njalo ukuthuthukisa, abadala bayibeke e amanzi aqabulayo noma umhlaba, kodwa eduze umthombo. Futhi kukhona amphibian sithwele amaqanda ngokwami. Rhacophoridae bona babiza esiswini, isibonelo, futhi iduna Pipa Surinamese ngokuphelele ecindezelwe amaqanda elivundisiwe ngemuva insikazi.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lona dweba izibungu. Ngokusho isakhiwo ziyafana izinhlanzi. Khona-ke kukhona ushintsho ngokujulile futhi umzimba isibungu iguqulwe ibe umuntu omdala. Le nqubo kwenzeka kuzo zonke izindlela ezahlukene. Anura ekuthuthukiseni ngokushesha okukhulu, kodwa izilwane zasemhlabeni legless futhi salamanders zikhule.

Ukunakekela inzalo

Ekugcineni Ngithanda uthinte phezu isihloko, ukukhuluma mayelana nokuthuthukiswa izilwane zasemhlabeni. Olunye uhlobo, ukunakekelwa inzalo ivela ethakazelisa kakhulu.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, inkunzi-frog (lat. Lithobates catesbeianus). Ngaso sonke isikhathi, kanti Roe ukuvuthwa, insikazi aqaphe wakhe. Nakuba izibungu achanyuselwa sikhule - kakhulu. Ibhungu ngalesi sikhathi elawula izinga yamanzi Ukoma amaxhaphozi lapho asathuthuka inzalo. Uma kunesidingo, kujulisa Ukuvubukula yabo emseleni noma ku olandelayo, okuyinto ke oludlula tadpoles.

A frog eziyihlazo bangakha ngisho isidleke kwi elula ngabo isitshalo uzosusa amadamu izibungu. Ezinye ngabanye kanye "imithombo" umbe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zinhlobo zemithi amaxoxo bahlala Imiqhele kwamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi kukhona izinkinga ezinkulu yokusesha amanzi ukusekela inzalo. Ngakho-ke phyllobates (okuyizinto ezidalweni enobuthi kakhulu kule planethi, ngasendleleni) amaqanda phezu amacembe ezihlahla. Zigwema, futhi lapho dweba izibungu, bese uthumele wababuyisela mikrovodoomy ezimanzi, ise-axils ihlamvu.

Mayelana izilwane zasemhlabeni empeleni usitshele izinto interesting okuningi. Nokho, ulwazi oluthe xaxa itholakala njalo ngabanye, ngoba ngempela kakhulu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isigaba, njengoba kuye kwashiwo phambilini, ubhekwa ambalwa.