KumiswaIsayensi

Izici zobuhlanga. izici kwedemografikhi amaqembu omphakathi. Isayensi Ukucwaninga

Igama elithi "Ukucwaninga" kwamiswa emazwini "demo" futhi "Bala". NgesiGreki kusho "abantu" nokuthi "bhala", ngokulandelana. A incazelo engokoqobo le nkulumo - "Incazelo sabantu", noma "incazelo zabantu." Kodwa isayensi Ukucwaninga kuwo wonke umlando akukaze angavalelwa ngokwayo ukuze incazelo. Isihloko isifundo sakhe bekulokhu ezijulile futhi ebanzi njalo.

Indaba

Isayensi, okuyinto etadisha Ukucwaninga sabantu unesizathu othize kuze kube manje. isisekelo salo sabekwa ngo-January 1662, kwaba khona-ke eLondon, wanyathelisa incwadi eyabhalwa ukaputeni oyiNgisi futhi mthengisi, usosayensi self-wafundisa John Graunt. Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho umlobi ayelungisa umsebenzi wakhe, kwakukhona nokuqubuka njalo zezinhlupho nezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo. Amanqampunqampu mayelana nokushona kwezingane masonto onke eshicilelwe eLondon, futhi lezi idatha anencazelo esisebenzayo, ngoba abafundi can lapho kuqubuka usongo ekuphileni kwakhe off idolobha yingozi.

I amanqampunqampu ngengoma Graunt wabona izinzuzo zesayensi. Watadisha zonke izitatimende ukuzalwa nokufa, eyanyatheliswa ngo-London ngo-engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Graunt yabhekisela eziningi imithetho. Ikakhulukazi, waphawula ukuthi isibalo bafana bazalwe kunamantombazane, futhi lo mehluko kuyinto njalo 7.7%. Usosayensi yabhekisela okweqa nokufa phezu ukubeletha, ukuthola ukuthi isibalo sabantu e-London anda kuphela ngenxa ukuthutha kwabantu ezivela kwezinye izifunda. Ukukwenza umkhuba ocacile lwaluba e ngalendlela buhlobo bemshado: inyunyana ngayinye zazinesilinganiso seminyaka ukubeletha ezine. Ngokusho isibalo ukuzalwa nokufa usosayensi ungase ukucacisa inombolo abahlali, kanye nobudala sabafileyo - isakhiwo engu-sabantu.

Iziphetho zazibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba wenza ngesikhathi lokubalwa kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibalo sabantu, ngaphandle esontweni, akekho kwenziwa.

Incwadi encane, umbhalo wawusempumalanga Amakhasi ayisishiyagalolunye, isibe umthombo hhayi kuphela Ukucwaninga kodwa kwabantu, futhi izibalo.

ukuqhubeka

Kumiswa Ukucwaninga njengoba isayensi emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva zenzeka zombili izinkomba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi njengoba sekube nesicelo ukuvaleka cwaningo yayo tesifundvo. Ngokuphambene, into Ukucwaninga ukuthonywa inani elikhulayo izici ezahlukene. Nokho, kwaba sobala ukuthi lesi isayensi ihlanganisa indawo ebanzi kakhulu, okuyinto wonke ukuzwana nabantu. Bhekana lo msebenzi waba nomuzwa hhayi ngaphansi amandla. Yingakho kusukela lendzaba yesihloko salolucwaningo Ukucwaninga, ukukhishwa kancane kancane izimpikiswano emnothweni, isakhiwo yomphakathi, ezemfundo kanye ukukhulisa, nokuziphatha, ukuhamba kanye nezempilo nokunye. Lezi zinkinga kufanele uhlole neminye imikhakha yesayensi, ezifana kwabantu, pedagogy, ethnography, ezomnotho, imithi, nokunye. D.

Maphakathi nawo-sixties kwekhulu elidlule, izazi eziningi waqala kukhawulwe inkinga ka Ukucwaninga Ukutadisha ukunyakaza zemvelo sabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-traffic lapha siqondwa hhayi ngokomzimba, kodwa ngendlela jikelele. Futhi kusho ushintsho.

ngezigaba

labantu emininingwaneni yabantu kungaba ezimbili zama. Omunye wabo - emvelo kanti omunye mechanical, noma ukuthuthela. Uhlobo labantu ushintsho yesibili ukunyakaza kwabantu endaweni. ukunyakaza yemvelo - ushintsho unomphela isakhiwo nesibalo sabantu. Kwenzeka ngenxa yokufa, yokuzalwa, ukushada nezehlukaniso. Ngu Vital sihlanganisa ushintsho ubulili nobudala isakhiwo zezakhamuzi, okuyinto kunomthelela oqonde ngqo kuzo zonke izinqubo yezibalo.

Kule singenza esiphethweni esiqondile: nezibalo zabantu emhlabeni ibonisa ukuthi inani labantu sithutha kanye kushintsha njalo. Abantu bezalwa futhi bafe, ukushada nesahlukaniso, yokushintsha indawo yokuhlala, umsebenzi, umsebenzi, nokunye .. Ngenxa yalokho lezi zinqubo kushintsha njalo isakhiwo nesibalo sabantu.

Imvelo social Ukucwaninga

Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela esiqhubekayo resumption of labantu bakuleyo isibalo sezibalo ungaba kokubili "plus" futhi "lokususa". Uma lokhu kwenzeka lokhu kuthonywa imithetho yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, kuba ingxenye yokuphila yomphakathi, ngakho has a uhlamvu nomphakathi. endaweni kwedemografikhi - iyona zibangelwa yizenzo zabantu. Ubude bempilo, lokuzalwa emkhayeni inombolo ezinkulu noma ezincane izingane, ukungashadi noma umshado - konke okuhlobene izici zezenhlalo. Zichayeke komthetho womphakathi futhi bayingxenye ukusebenza emzimbeni nomphakathi wonke.

Kulokhu, izakhi eziyinhloko ezakha yezenhlalakahle isakhiwo somphakathi, imiphakathi kanye namaqembu omphakathi. Basuke ngokuletha abantu ndawonye, esikhiqiza ukusebenzisana. Kulokhu, zonke umsebenzi wabo kuhloswe nezidingo amalungu aleli qembu nomphakathi.

isihloko cwaningo

Inhloso bezingelwa iyiphi isayensi, yisambulo imithetho sendawo ethile, kumane nje akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukusungulwa emithethweni ekhona.

Umqondo kungaba emininingwaneni yabantu kudalulwe kanje: isayensi, okuyinto angaphansi imithetho inqubo engokwemvelo yokuzala. Ngakho umqondo labantu lapha imele ngendlela ethile. Lena akuyona nje iqoqo abantu. Lena usayizi zazo ezinkulu, okuyinto has a isakhiwo ocebile kunesidingo kabusha njalo. Ikhwalithi main esichaza labantu, yikhono layo nokuzala ngokwayo. Ngakho, lo mqondo akubandakanyi aggregate afana amaqembu zabasebenzi, abaqashi izindlu, kanye nokunye. D.

izinjongo zokufunda

Ngaphezu ulwazi imithetho yimuphi omunye isayensi inenkinga esisebenzayo. Kunalabo nobuhlanga. uhlu Bahlanganisa okulandelayo:

  • ekutadisheni kwenkondlo ezahlukahlukene kanye izitayela izinqubo lokubala ubuningi babantu;
  • ukuthuthukiswa izinyathelo futhi projection inqubomgomo emayelana.

Inselele iwukuba ukukhomba izitayela ezikhona ukunyakaza zemvelo sabantu. Futhi nanku uza izibalo usizo. Izibalo zabantu ukhetha kudingeka esimweni ngasinye imingcele futhi ihlola ukwethembeka.

Ebaluleke ngokulinganayo kunikezwa ekutadisheni izici ezihlukahlukene labantu ukunyakaza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba umthetho, aphakanyisiwe isizathu izinqubo kanye izenzakalo.

Ngokusekelwe ukuhlaziya imiphumela etholwe abacwaningi bamanani athuthukile izibikezelo ngokuphathelene izinguquko esizayo isakhiwo nesibalo sabantu. iziphetho zabo zisekelwe ukuhlela emnothweni kazwelonke. Lezi izibikezelo ibalulekile zokwabiwa kwezinsiza kusebenza womuntu, ukuqeqeshwa, Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlu, nokunye. D.

Ngokusekelwe ulwazi mkhuba yangempela ukunyakaza izinqubo sabantu, kukhona incazelo izimpokophelo inqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle lokubala ubuningi babantu yezwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezinjalo sinzima, ngakho uhlu izenzo ezidingekayo uzilungiselele hhayi kuphela abacwaningi bamanani. Lokhu bazibandakanye zezenhlalo kanye abameli, odokotela kanye zokusebenza kwengqondo, ochwepheshe emkhakheni wokukhangisa nokunye. D.

ezahlukahlukene nabanamsiko

Distribution labantu yimuphi umehluko, futhi ukuqonda by oyiyo. Ngakho, noma iyiphi impendulo zingafundwa. Into esemqoka ukuthi umcwaningi iyathakazelisa. Lezi zimo zokuma ukumela ngemfanelo kwabantu.

Umehluko phakathi amaqembu ahlukahlukene abantu

Uyini ezahlukahlukene nabanamsiko? Lokhu ukusatshalaliswa wesitjhaba ubulili kanye nesakhiwo ubudala, ubuzwe kanye nokunye. D. Omunye isizwe ngempela ihlukile kwezinye izici ezithile. Lokhu kuwuphawu yezibalo. Izibonelo zalokhu ziningi. Njengoba isibonelo esingazithatha ngemfanelo lokubala ubuningi babantu Scots waseBrithani.

isakhiwo ngokocansi

Yonke labantu abelwa besilisa nabesifazane. Lona ezahlukahlukene nabanamsiko isakhiwo ocansini. On the izici eziyinhloko yalesi ngezigaba kuthonywa izici ezintathu. Eyokuqala yalezi kuyinto njalo yemvelo kunquma esekelwe isilinganiso olusanda kuzalwa izinsana ubulili. Isici sesibili kukhona ucansi umehluko abantu abafile. izici kwedemografikhi by isakhiwo ubulili incike umehluko ukushuba yokufuduka abesilisa nabesifazane.

Ngakho, abafana ngokwesilinganiso bazalwa kancane kuka amantombazane. isilinganiso ezisanda kubelethwa stably. eyikhulu amantombazane, kuba yikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu namashumi ayisithupha abafana. Nokho, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, ososayensi banomuzwa wokuthi ubungqabavu usana umzimba besilisa kancane. Yingakho ngaphezu ambalwa afa ngendlela efanele usaqala abafana. Ngaphezu kwalokho lokushona kwabantwana bezalwa Ushintshe ubulili. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni athuthukile abantu ukuba bafe ngenxa izifo emsebenzini, ukulimala, nokuzinikela utshwala nokubhema. Emazweni asathuthuka, isithombe emuva. Lapha ayanda lokufa abesifazane. Lokhu kungenxa umsebenzi onzima kanye nezingane ezizalwa njalo, ongaphakeme isikhundla emphakathini nokungabi namandla.

ukusatshalaliswa yobudala

Population ukusatshalaliswa yenziwa, futhi inkathi kusukela ekuzalweni komuntu kuze kufike ezinye empilweni yayo. Yiziphi ezahlukahlukene nabanamsiko isakhiwo yobudala? Lokhu ukusatshalaliswa abantu eminyakeni baye baphila ngokusebenzisa, futhi izingane izinyanga, amasonto, izinsuku namahora.

isakhiwo Ubudala umphakathi Kunethonya ababalulekile ku izinqubo lokubala ubuningi babantu kanye nenani ekhona kule izinkomba ensimini. Ngakho, uma abantu bakuleli iphesenti eliphezulu intsha, singakwazi ukubikezela Ukwenyuka kwesilinganiso umshado nokuzalwa izinga nge ukwehla futhi ngokwempilo yangenyama.

Isakhiwo yobudala kunemtselela hhayi kuphela emininingwaneni yabantu kodwa futhi kuwo wonke izinqubo nomphakathi. Nge isikhathi eside ekuphileni komuntu ixhunyaniswe imizwelo yakhe, Psychology, kanye ngezinga elithile futhi isizathu. Revolution izibhelu futhi basemathubeni amaningi okuthi emazweni kokuba engu isakhiwo abasebasha. Aging umphakathi, lapho kukhona ingxenye eliphezulu labantu asebekhulile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, angaphansi yokujama tsi futhi dogmatism.

isakhiwo umshado

izici kwedemografikhi sabantu futhi inqunywa ukuma ubudlelwano phakathi indoda nowesifazane. Ulwazi isakhiwo umshado umphakathi kubalulekile lapho kutadishwa inqubo lokuzalwa, kanye nokufa. Kulokhu, ubuhlanga babantu unesithakazelo ifomu hhayi kuphela yomshado engokomthetho. ubuhlobo bomshado nazo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifomu labo elisemthethweni, nazo uphenyo ososayensi.

Emshadweni, isehlukaniso, kwabantwana nobufelokazi noma isimo somshado abantu ukuhambisa esimweni esisodwa kuya kwesinye. Ngo emphakathini wonke, lezi zimo kukhona izingxenye inqubo olulodwa. Ndawonye, abakubonisayo isakhiwo ukukhiqizwa kabusha umshado.

Ukwazi lezi izinqubo ezibalulekile kutholakale imbangela yokushona wokugoqa kanye kumiswa imikhaya, izinguquko izitayela wenzalo kanye nokushona.

Ukudalwa isiyalo entsha yesayensi

Ukucwaninga Social kwakhiwa ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo Ukucwaninga kanye kwabantu. Lena isiyalo entsha ngokwesayensi. It study ithonya mutual izinqubo kwezenhlalo kanye lokubala ubuningi babantu. Investigation esibalulekile kule isiyalo Kwenziwa ezingeni micro. Ukucwaninga Social etadisha ubudlelwano nobuntu. Futhi lesi siyalo ibheka Sakhiwo semndeni.

Isihloko cwaningo, okuyiwona Ukucwaninga yezenhlalakahle ibheka ukukhonza zengqondo lokubala ubuningi babantu nokuziphatha, kanye izindinganiso zomphakathi.

I orientation social Ukucwaninga

Noma yimuphi umphakathi wabantu akhiwa ngesisekelo izici ezithile. Ukucwaninga amanani iyona labantu cwaningo ubulili, ubudala nokunye. D. Nokho, ngokwawo uphawu lokubala ubuningi babantu has a hlangothi. isimo Komphakathi , uthola kuphela lapho sicabangela jikelele umongo zenhlalakahle kanye zomlando.

Uyini isici lokubala ubuningi babantu Kulezo zimo? Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba owesifazane noma indoda akuyona nje ukuba esingokwemvelo izici bokuphila phansi. Lo mqondo kuhlanganisa indima esimisweni sezenhlalo abatholako, futhi futhi okuhambisanayo ngemibono ukuziphatha, okuthandwa kanye izithakazelo kanye nesimo nezakhiwo t. D. izici Socio-lokubala ubuningi babantu yizici womuntu wesilisa noma besifazane. Lokhu ubuhle nobubi bayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Imfanelo lokubala ubuningi babantu amaqembu zenhlalo yisimo kubalulekile ukuze injabulo nokuthula kwengqondo. Nokho, uhlamvu lwemali unesinye ohlangothini. Umuntu uzizwa ezahlukahlukene nabanamsiko namaqembu omphakathi bangaba isithiyo kumiswa ubuntu abanamakhono zokudala. Kuyoba ziphazamise ukubonakaliswa ephikisayo, yavimbela bechezuka amaphethini zokucabanga nokuziphatha, kanye nemithetho yokutholwa.

Amaforamu futhi umkhakha emininingwaneni yabantu

Noma yimuphi isayensi unezitho eziningi thematic. Azihlukile nobuhlanga. It yakhiwa izingxenye ezahlukene, okuvumela ukufunda zinsaba.

Ngakho, i-theory Ukucwaninga Inselelo wukuthuthukisa nokwakhela umbono jikelele labantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izici ziyahlaziywa ngesisekelo ucwaningo enokwehla olwenziwa nesokuphela wukuthi Thola izixhumanisi bobukhulu ngaphakathi kwezinombolo imicimbi kanye izenzakalo ukunyakaza zemvelo sabantu.

Igatsha esilandelayo isayensi - umlando Ukucwaninga. Lokhu isiyalo uhlola kwemvelo yolwazi emkhakheni labantu ukunyakaza.

Ucwaningo we Ukwakheka zenhlalakahle kanye lokubala ubuningi babantu sabantu ukwenza izibalo yezibalo. Lokhu isiyalo sub-indastri zithanda ukutadisha indlela yokwakheka labantu. Into cwaningo kwezibalo zendawo lobuzwe nemfundo, ziqu kanye isikhundla, umsebenzi, kanye Ukubuthelela labantu imithombo imali, nokunye. D. Lokhu isiyalo uhlola notshwala ezifudukayo futhi yizindleko emindenini.

Ulwazi izakhiwo umndeni iqoqa izibalo yasendlini. Yena uyazinaka izinga ukudla nezimpahla obespechennnosti okuhlala, imali kanye namazinga ophilayo. Idatha ngenani endaweni yayo Igxila imibhangqwana enabantwana, nokunye. D.

A isimiso esibanzi ulwazi Dynamics nokukhiqizwa labantu achazayo, noma Ukucwaninga achazayo.

Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi kukhona ubuhlobo ocacile phakathi kabusha labantu kanye ezingeni wezwe yentuthuko. It is waziphatha ekutadisheni Ukucwaninga kwezomnotho. Lokhu isiyalo ihlaziya kwethonya izinqubo lokubala ubuningi babantu olinganise kanye nesakhiwo komnotho.

Economic Ukucwaninga amanani siqukethe ezindaweni ezintathu (isigaba). Amanye awo yilawa: ukukhula komnotho kanye nekhwalithi labantu, kanye isakhiwo kwezomnotho bemvelo zenhlalakahle kanye lokubala ubuningi babantu.

isiqondiso imikhakha eyahlukene zesayensi kanye nemininingwane yobuhlanga. It ihlola isakhiwo yokufuduka kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ithonya zobuzwe nezenkolo ukuziphatha izinhlelo ezingeni yokuzalana.

Kube Ukucwaninga kanye nezombusazwe. Ububanzi yocwaningo kuyinto nokuxhumana izinqubo setepolitiki, yezibalo. Into ezifundwa kwesiyalo izingozi zezombusazwe inqubomgomo lokubala ubuningi babantu bezingelwa uhulumeni.

Esikhathini yoma ekuqaleni kwekhulu elidlule kwaba khona omunye legatsha eyala zesayensi. Kube Ukucwaninga wezokwelapha, okuyinto kwaba ukufunda isimo impilo yabantu, umthelela izimo zemvelo nezenhlalo lapha yangenyama. Kulokhu, umsebenzi oyinhloko we umkhakha kwaba ukuhlaziya izimbangela ukulahlekelwa izakhamizi, kanye nekutfutfukiswa kwetindzawo ngesisekelo idatha wathola izimo ezikahle kakhulu izinqubo lokubala ubuningi babantu yezwe.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.