Kumiswa, Isayensi
Anatomy - kuyini? Anatomy njengoba isayensi
Ukuqonda isakhiwo womuntu, ukubunjwa, indlela yokuphila izinhlobo nokuxhumana kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni kuyamsiza kusebentisa lolwati izinjongo zabo, ukuze kuzuze ukuthuthukiswa impucuko womuntu. Futhi isithakazelo emhlabeni kwaba esivela abantu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Selokhu ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bezama ukuthola ukuthi ukwakha kanjani izinto eziphilayo, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje lokho nokuthi zibalulekile.
Yingakho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi owasungula futhi wathola ukuthandwa ezinkulukazi kakhulu phakathi isayensi isiyalo ezifana biology. Ekuqaleni ke ukhathazekile izitshalo kuphela, bese izilwane, abantu, microbial, ekugcineni wafika ekuthuthukisweni kwayo kuze kube seqophelweni sebekwazi nakabuka izidalwa amancanyana lapho. Ekwenzeni kumiswa biology baphotha off ezingaphansi abaningi besayensi, manje zonke edidiyelwe kanye bakha essence yayo.
wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo
Kunezindlela eziningana wesayensi ezahlukene, okubandakanya biology. Cabanga ngezigaba zabo.
I. Jikelele Isayensi
- Systematics.
- Morphology (anatomy, Histology, Cytology).
- Physiology.
- Esekela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
- Biogeography.
- Lemvelo.
- Ufuzo.
II. Inxanxathela
- Parasitology.
- Hydrobiology.
- Inhlabathi isayensi.
III. isayensi yangasese
- Botany.
- Zoology.
- Anthropology.
Le ndlela begazi wesayensi division kwahlongozwa yi ososayensi BG Ioganzenom ngo-1969, futhi akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo kuze kube yilolu suku. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa ihlanganisa cishe zonke eyala ezinkulu, kodwa lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu - i-biotechnology, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, isakhi sofuzo naweselula kwezobunjiniyela nesayense abezokwelapha.
Anatomy futhi ahlobene eyala
Okungelinye lamabandla okuqala kakhulu nebaluleke kunazo zonke esingasebenzisa eyala ongizalayo anatomy. Yilokho, futhi thina sihlolisise.
Okokuqala, nawu umbuzo: anatomy - kuyini? Lokho akwenza kwathinta ukufunda? Izimpendulo kukwazi ukwakhiwa kancane. Kodwa okushiwo okulandelayo.
Anatomy - isayensi ukwakheka kwezitho nogwali izinhlelo, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti wabo. Lokhu isiyalo igatsha morphology futhi ngokwalo liqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili:
- isitshalo anatomy - isakhiwo, ijamo, futhi indawo lezitho nezicubu sezidalwa isitshalo;
- anatomy bezilwane nabantu abavela - konke okufanayo, kuphela abameleli nezilwane.
Anatomy nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi kuyinto ngokubambisana, futhi lokhu akumangalisi. Kunzima ukufunda ukwakheka kwama-molecule kwamaseli kwesibindi, uma ungazi ukuthi isibindi, lapho likhona futhi yini imisebenzi lwenziwa. Ngakho-ke, lesi sijeziso unendima ebalulekile kakhulu ohlelweni jikelele wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.
Ngu uqobo, anatomy luhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- ngokuqhathanisa;
- ehlelekile;
- mbuzeni
- ngesimo sendawo;
- plastic;
- zansuku zonke;
- Kokulinganisa Morphology.
Ingxenye ngayinye inesihloko imigomo yayo kanye nezinhloso ze-cwaningo, isihloko nokufunda zinegalelo elikhulu kakhulu ekuqongeleleni ulwazi theory eziphilayo.
Izinhloso nezinjongo wesayensi
Anatomy - lokho ngokuqondile ukutadisha isiyalo? Ukuze sithole impendulo siphendukela emigomweni kwale sayensi.
Inhloso: Ukwakha ulwazi olunembile theory, usekelwe izifundo ezisebenzayo yokulinga womuntu isakhiwo umzimba, ukuma isikhundla kwezitho izinhlelo, ukwakheka kwazo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi Ushintsho lokusuka bedle yizici zemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Mayelana anatomy target - isayensi, imisebenzi elandelayo:
- Hlola izigaba kumiswa umuntu futhi umzimba wakhe inqubo ukuziphendukela kwemvelo.
- Cabanga nokwakheka kwezitho, izinhlelo zawo futhi uhlole nokuthi amaphethini ushintsho ngenxa izinguquko ezihlobene nokukhula.
- Ukuphenya ithonya izimo futhi yizici zemvelo ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni ukwakheka kwezitho izinhlelo zomzimba womuntu.
Ngakho, sithole izimpendulo eziqondile futhi ephelele yombuzo "Anatomy - kuyini?" futhi sizoqhubeka ukucabangela emlandweni walesi isayensi.
Umlando ukwakheka komzimba womuntu njengoba isayensi
Njengoba isayensi, lesi sijeziso kwamiswa ukubonwa ngekhulu XVIII. Nokho, ulwazi theory waqala buthelela endulo, sibonga imisebenzi greats ezifana UHippocrates, u-Aristotle, Gerofil, Erasistratus nabanye.
Okuningi ngokugcwele futhi ngokucacile sihlole indlela elakheke savela (isayensi yomuntu) abaneminyaka engu-njengoba itafula.
| Ancient Greece, eGibhithe, ePheresiya, naseChina (460 g BC - .. XIII AD leminyaka) | Ephakathi futhi Renaissance (XIII - XVIII leminyaka) | Ezikhathini zanamuhla futhi wesimanje (XVIII - xxi leminyaka) |
| 1. "Ayurveda" (encwadini ethi Indian). Iqukethe incazelo ethile kwezitho zomzimba, imisipha nezinzwa. | Ukuqala Ephakathi libhekene yokujama tsi ekuthuthukisweni lolwazi yokwakheka. Akukho lafundvwako futhi uphenyo, njengoba lokhu asivunyelwe yisonto. Kepha ukuphela kwezinto XVII - ekuqaleni XVIII leminyaka - kwesikhathi Yenguquko. Ngalesi sikhathi, ke iqhubeka uchungechunge lwezenzakalo eyaba ingqophamlando emlandweni wesayensi. | Le nkathi libhekene ukudalwa amadivayisi ebabaza, okukuvumela ukuvula izakhiwo ezincane nezinto ezincane eziphilayo. Kukhona anatomy wezokwelapha. Kumiswa izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku uphenyo eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nabantu. kuchazwa Kusobala umqondo walokho anatomy - isayensi izifundo akuzona nje imizimba, kodwa lonke uhlelo zomsebenzi wabo futhi ukuze kwakhiwe ukuphila. |
| 2. "Neytszin" (incwadi-Chinese). Kuhlanganisa izincazelo nenhliziyo, izinso, isibindi kanye nezinye izitho womuntu. | 1. Italian Mondino e 1316 wadala incwadi okokufundisa lokuqala, othi anatomy - isayensi nemizimba yabantu futhi ezimpilweni zabo. | 1. Carl Baer (iminyaka 1792-1876) - wavula esibelethweni womuntu uye watadisha izindlela kumiswa izingqimba zamagciwane nokuqala kumiswa kulezi zinhlangano. Waba recapitulation umsunguli theory (ukuphindaphinda) e embryogenesis Umbungu ezinye izimpawu zangaphandle kwezilwane. |
| 3. udokotela waseGibhithe Imhotep wafunda izingxenye zomzimba womuntu esekelwe emizimbeni ngoba mummification. Zonke kokuma echazwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukudala umsebenzi wakhe. | 2. 1473 g - wanyathelisa futhi Avicenna celsius ekhiqizwa yokwakheka isichazamazwi sokuqala yezokwelapha imigomo. | 2. Zhan Batist Lamark, uCharles Darwin babamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Darwin - umbhali inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela obanzi kunayo ngemvelaphi izinhlobo zabantu ezahlukaniselwa nokuthuthukiswa zazo ezingokomlando. |
| 4. Roman Gerofil futhi main umsebenzi "anatomist" yakhe. Watadisha ngokuqondile isakhiwo sangaphakathi imizimba yabantu, wenza umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni lesi komzimba womuntu, ibizwa ngokuthi uyise isiyalo. | 3. umnikelo okhethekile ekuthuthukiseni isiyalo esethula umdwebi okuthiwa uLeonardo da Vinci, abanekhono lokusebenzisa wayebonisa ikhono lakhe kwezobuciko ukuba zarisovyvaniya ngokunembile imisipha, izitho, umzimba izingxenye skeleton. Ungumnikazi imidwebo angaphezu kuka-600 abahlukene, olunembile futhi kucace ukuthi zibonisa umsebenzi imisipha nokwakheka kwawo, izitho ezihlukahlukene namathambo. | 3. ULouis Pasteur - usosayensi abakhaliphile wemithi, sezinto ezincane kakhulu eziphilayo. Wakwazi ukufakazela ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento isizukulwane nokuguqulwa wokuphila ngaphandle iqhaza nezilwanyana ezincane. Ngachitha eziningi ucwaningo ukufakazela leli qiniso, ungubaba yamagciwane. Wabuye bahlakulele imizamo yokuqala yabantu zigonyelwe izifo. |
| 5. Erasistratus (Greece) naye wafundelwa anatomy ku nezidumbu umthetho yicala. Lapho amelana UHippocrates wabeka phambili imfundiso eziwuketshezi, ukulawula umzimba womuntu kanye nezifo zalo. Wachaza ezinye izitho nemisipha. | 4. Andreas Vezaly - udokotela, umcwaningi, umumo womzimba umdali semitomnika. Omunye izazi kulenkhulu isikhathi sakhe anatomy. Waqaphela kuphela observation sokuhlola, yonke imiphumela eyatholakala by kwesidumbu amathambo lokuqoqa e amangcwaba. | 4. Caspar Wolf - umsunguli we embryogenesis, Amathrendi zako ezisemqoka nelayelo. |
| 6. Klavdiy uGalen - imisebenzi yakhe basonta imithombo 400, ayeluchaze ngokuningiliziwe eziningi izingxenye zesakhiwo zomzimba, kuhlanganise izinzwa nemisipha. umsebenzi Wayengowesizukulwane zokundisa lokuqala abanye abantu kuhlolwa ukwakheka komzimba womuntu. | 5. Vilyam Garvey - ezenziwe banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imibono mayelana ukuhamba kwegazi ngokusebenzisa izitsha. Umuntu owasungula le umthetho biogenetic, waveza umbono ngemvelaphi zonke izinto eziphilayo ukusuka iqanda elilodwa. | 5. Luigi Galvani - le-physics esidumile wathola uhlobo kagesi Izinzwa amaza e izicubu izidalwa eziphilayo okuvela ezilwaneni. Umsunguli we electrophysiology. |
| 7. Celsus - umsunguli izici eziningi zokwelapha ukwakheka komzimba womuntu. Watadisha Ligation nemikhumbi, izisekelo lokuhlinzwa nokunakekela. | 6. Eustace - ukuvula tube sokuzwa, ngegama lakhe (Eustachian), okuyinto uxhuma maphakathi nendlebe nasemkhathini ngaphandle. ke naye ungowasendaweni ukutholakala kanye nencazelo nezindlala adrenal. Abaningi echazwe imizimba yabo zafakwa umsebenzi ezivamile uqede, wayengekho ukwazi. | 6. iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni nokwakheka imithi eRussia wethula ngu-Peter I. Nguye ukusetha ijubane ngawo ososayensi wezwe lakithi baye wakwazi ukwenza eziningi ezibaluleke futhi okuphawulekayo isayensi ukunikeza ithuba ukuthuthukisa uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela. Ngokwakhe inkosi yathatha phezu isipiliyoni abasebenzi angaphandle. Ukudalwa Russian Academy of Sciences bekulokhu ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukeni eyala eziningi. |
| 8. udokotela Persian Abu Ibn Sina (Avicenna) - isungule imfundiso yokuthi umzimba womuntu 4 isitho main wemfanelo ngawo wonke umsebenzi wakhe: inhliziyo, testis, isibindi, ubuchopho. | 7. Gabriele Fallopian - umfundi ka Vesalius. Ungumnikazi incazelo nokuthola eziningana izingxenye ezincane isakhi umzimba: imisipha eardrum, iso futhi palatal, izakhi isitho ekuzweni. Wachaza izinto eziyisisekelo isakhiwo zesifazane mkhuba. | 7. Pirogov N. I. - udokotela ohlinzayo oluvelele, umsunguli anatomy ukuqhathanisa, umsunguli we indlela "ice anatomy" (izingcezu sawing wezidumbu eqandisiwe sokutadisha ukuqhathanisa). Umsebenzi wakhe waba isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa ukuhlinzwa. |
| 9. AmaGreki Empedocles futhi Alcmaeon. Nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi mayelana indlebe kanye nezinhlaka umbono, nezinzwa nxazonke. | 8. Thomas Willis - udokotela, ngubani ngoba kokutholakala eziningi izifo wobuntu, kanye ukuxilongwa okujuli- isimiso sezinzwa zabantu ezaziwayo. | 8. P. A. Zagorsky futhi IV Buyalsky wokuqala athuthukiswe futhi wadedelwa nokwakheka izincwadi futhi izinsiza-kufundisa ukuze abafundi. |
| 10. AmaGreki Anaxagoras no-Aristophanes. Wahlolwa ngokuzimela ubuchopho kanye egobolondweni, ukubonwa kuchazwe. | 9. Gleason. Echaza iziphathimandla nokuningi ngokucophelela watadisha izingane izifo wobuntu. | 9. P. F. Lesgaft - umsunguli we-anatomy sokusebenza. Watadisha futhi kuchazwe imisipha, amathambo, umsebenzi wabo kanye nesakhiwo emalungeni. |
| 11. Euripides futhi uDiogenes bakwazi ukubona vein portal, kuchazwe ezinye isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, kwezinye izingxenye eziningi umsebenzi wabo. | 10. Casparo Azelli. Ngenza incazelo anembile we emathunjini kwemigudu ye-lymph. Amaningi kakhulu ayifake ukuthuthukiswa imibono mayelana isenzo izinhlelo kwegazi futhi lymph. | 10. V N. Tonkov. Wasikisela ukusetshenziswa kuma-X ray ukuba atadishe skeleton. Umsunguli we-anatomy zokuhlola njengendlela isiyalo. |
| 12. U-Aristotle. Ngatadisha izitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu. Layidalile imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-400 ezindaweni ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Kubhekwe ngesisekelo wonke umphefumulo ophilayo, yena waveza ukufana isakhiwo sesilwane kanye womuntu. | 11. Kuyinto esibalulekile esiya phambili ekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka komzimba womuntu, waba "yaseshashalazini yokwakheka": the kwesidumbu wezidumbu obala. Emicimbini enjalo wavumela abafisa ukuze ngifundele ubudokotela. Phakathi kwesidumbu, olwenziwa ingxoxo ahlangene ayekubona. Sekwenza phezu ingxenye Church njengoba nomthelela omuhle ukufunda izisekelo ukwakheka komzimba womuntu. | 11. I-DA Zhdanov, BI Lavrentiev, NM Jakubowicz enza khona umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo kanye nezindlela zobuchopho, ukuqhuba amaza. |
| 13. inhlanganiso yocezuningi - nombhali umqondo ezine ukushayela lomzimba: igazi, phlegm, Bile ophuzi kanye nabantu abamnyama. Uyakuphika ukubukwa zenkolo anatomy nezilwane. | 12. I. I. Mechnikov - kumbhali inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela amasosha omzimba, owathola inqubo phagocytosis. UMklomelo KaNobel ngomsebenzi wakhe kule ndawo. |
Yiqiniso, lena akuyona uhlu oluphelele amagama imisebenzi kabani ongowenani elikhulu theory ne practical ekuthuthukiseni wesayensi ezifana anatomy.
Kuyini anatomy namuhla? Izazi besimanje bengalibeki ku azithele ngabandayo yabo. Ngezikhathi kwenzeke zonke izinto ezintsha izakhiwo ahlukahlukene kanye nemisebenzi yabo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abanye izinqubo zisekhona engaqondakali indoda, futhi iyinto okufanele siyiphishekele.
Ukuxhumana Anatomy futhi Physiology
Basuke eduze kakhulu ezihlobene nomunye nokwakheka izitho zomzimba. Thanda isayensi, zingabantu kuphela lihambisana anganikeza ulwazi oluphelele mayelana isakhiwo, ijamo, isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza ethile isitho uhlelo. Ngakho-ke akuyona belingana lunikeza wesayensi yokwakheka lapho izitho zomzimba zezitshalo nezilwane, kuhlanganise nabantu.
Lena nokuxhumana kubaluleke kakhulu, okuvumela Ukukuqonda kahle izinqubo zomzimba womuntu. Ngakho, uwaphathe kahle. Lezi idatha abaluleke kakhulu imithi. It kuvela ukuthi cishe zonke wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo - eduze okwakuthandelene tangle, edonsa ngalolo ngentambo, ungathola ulwazi eliyingqayizivele futhi ephelele mayelana nanoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo.
Anatomy kubafundi
Ikharikhulamu Yiqiniso omunye izifundo ezibalulekile ukuze nabafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme kuyinto anatomy. Ngo isigaba iqala silitadishe? it is Njengoba isayensi wafundisa, kusukela ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili. Kodwa ulwazi lokuqala mayelana Ukuklanywa komzimba womuntu futhi ukusebenza emizimbeni kakade esikoleni sabaqalayo.
Ukutadisha indaba ethile esikoleni eyinhloko
Ngokwemvelo, ukutadisha isiyalo akuqali ekilasini lokuqala, nakuba abstract futhi ifomu kufinyeleleke izingane Kuchaza leminye imicondvo yokwakheka. Ngokwesibonelo, bayiphendule okungafanele endaweni edeskini kungaholela ugobile yomgogodla. Ngokuvamile, kulobu budala, zonke izingane kakade lapho yomgogodla. Kwakungenxa nje efunda ibanga lesine uqala "wangempela" umumo womzimba. 4 ikilasi - esiteji zavershayushy ka imfundo yamabanga aphansi. Izingane ngokwanele oqeqeshiwe ukuze ufunde ukuthi baqonde izinqubo ezingu yokwakheka eziyisisekelo. Ukuqeqeshwa okunikezwa by zohlelo ngokuhamba yesiyalo "ngaphandle kwezwe". Izingane banikezwe Ukuma kwendawo yendlela ngokuvamile izitho emzimbeni womuntu, igama labo kanye igama izinhlelo akha. Futhi ligxile nemisebenzi eyenziwa.
Anatomy ebangeni 8
Ngesikhathi sigaba phakathi ukuqeqesha enemininingwane kakhulu futhi ephelele cwaningo komzimba womuntu. Ibanga 8 uphakamisa unyaka Ukucabangisisa nezindaba kanye umthamo lesi siyalo. Phakathi nale nkathi sitadisha konke kusuka emlandweni anatomy ziphethe umsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa futhi abe nabantwana.
Izingane ufunde mayelana zonke izici isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwezimiso sitho, izingxenye ngabanye futhi inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe umthelela izici zangaphandle on ukuthuthukisa abantu. Lizama izimpikiswano yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye kumiswa uhlanga lwesintu. Okungukuthi, eziyinkimbinkimbi nge neminye imikhakha yesayensi ukufunda komzimba womuntu.
Okokufundisa "Ibanga 8. Anatomy" uhlanganisa ngokukhazimulayo emifanekisweni eliphezulu futhi isethulo kufinyeleleke kolwazi ngazo zonke izindaba isiyalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, elikulo, izinsiza zobuchwepheshe, ucwaningo kuyi isayensi cishe. Ngu ebhukwinitifundvo wadala Letincwadzi tekusebentela tikhicitelwe kubafundi, kanye eziningi kanye nezinsiza zokufundisa othisha.
Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa lo ulwazi olunikeza biology (komzimba womuntu). Libanga 8 - akuyena yedwa lapho imibuzo yokwakheka ethintekile, kodwa lowo oyinhloko.
Izifundo cwaningo-grade 9 esikoleni
Kwezinye izikole, lokhu isayensi lubalulekile esikhathini sakamuva - ngokuhamba ebangeni 9. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi ndaba nokwenziwa engcono kuzokwenzeka phakathi nalesi usakhula, inkathi kumiswa ukwazi ingane omdala.
Nokho, akukho kungabaza eqinisweni lokuthi Ekuhloleni kwangaphambili tesifundvo akuyona ayisasebenzi. Phela, kukhona eziningi izigaba, alinikela abafundi eziphilayo. Ibanga 9 "anatomy Human" usekhuluma izigaba ngaphambili wokutadisha izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi kanjalo njengoba ukwakheka kwama-molecule kwamaseli futhi umzimba iyonke, imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthi ngasiphi yobudala kakhulu ukulitadisha anatomy Yiqiniso, kunzima. Anatomy - isayensi study ngokuyinhloko isakhiwo kanye ukusebenza komzimba womuntu. Ngakho-ke, uyephuza ekutadisheni "ahlehliswa" ke neze kunengqondo.
Kwebanga le-10 kanye anatomy
Ngaphambili (ngaphambi 1980), lesi sijeziso ngokuvamile iphutha kuphela esikoleni samaBanga Aphezulu. Kuyinto esiteji sokugcina sokuqeqeshwa uvele anatomy. 10 ekilasini ayebhekwa esifanelekile kakhulu lokhu.
izingane yanamuhla ikhulela inkathi kugucuka okukhulu kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe. ukwazi labo ligcwele, baba ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu futhi namakhono engeziwe. Umthamo impahla isifundo futhi anda kakhulu washintsha (ngcono) izindlela namasu yokufundisa. Ngakho-ke, ukudluliselwa kuhlolwa ukwakheka komzimba womuntu ngaleso grade 8 has incazelo yalo okunengqondo futhi kungeyona into ezimbi.
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