Kumiswa, Isayensi
Kuyini emisebeni kulinganiswa? ionizing emisebeni
Umqondo "emisebeni" lusekelwe ngokuqinile izingqondo zethu njengoba enzeka esibi kakhulu futhi iyingozi. Nokho, abantu bayaqhubeka ayisebenzise ngezinhloso zabo. Yini kube eqinisweni kuyizenzo? Kuyini emisebeni kulinganiswa? Kanjani kuthinta eziphilayo?
Kushisa bhé kule ndawo futhi Radioactivity
Ngakho-Latin emisebeni izwi emisebeni elihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukukhanya", "izibani", futhi igama elithi limelela inqubo amandla ekushayweni. Amandla Ukhuthaza endaweni ngesimo ukusakaza izinhlayiya kanye namaza olwandle.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene emisebeni - kungenzeka ezishisayo (infrared) ukukhanya, oku-ultraviolet, ionizing. I wokugcina iyona eyingozi kakhulu futhi elimazayo, lapha futhi zifaka -alpha, i-beta, gamma, neutron futhi-X ray. Kuyinto izinhlayiya ongabonakali ezincane uyakwazi ionizing ketshezi.
Kushisa bhé kule ndawo akezi ngawodwana, walibumba is by izinto noma izinto izakhiwo ezithile. Kanti i-nuclei-athomu lezi zinto akusazinzile e kwamazinyo sebete akhipha amandla. Ikhono we izinto nezikhonzi ukuba ionizing (radioactivity) emisebeni ngokuthi radioactivity.
imithombo enemisebe
Ngokuphambene nombono wokuthi emisebeni - kungcono enuzi izitshalo amandla namabhomu, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili kwalo: lawo zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa. Eyokuqala abakhona acishe yonke indawo. Ngo isikhala ke engase ikhiphe izinkanyezi ezifana ilanga lethu.
Emhlabeni, i-radioactivity babe amanzi, inhlabathi, isihlabathi, kodwa umthamo ngemisebe kulokhu akuyona likhulu kakhulu. Lezi kungaba isukela 5 kuya 25 roentgens micro ngehora. Amandla emisebeni possesses iplanethi uqobo. izibilini wakhe zimumethe sebuningini ka imfucumfucu enemisebe, isib, amalahle uranium. Lezi izindawo babe ngisho izitini.
Artificial abantu emisebeni wathola kuphela ekhulwini XX. Umuntu uye wafunda ukusebenza kwizimboni izinto engazinzile kute kukhicitwe emandla ukusheshisa ukunyakaza izinhlayiya icala. Ngenxa yalokho, ezifana steel umthombo ngemisebe, amandla enuzi kanye zenuzi, namathuluzi ukuxilongwa kanye nemikhiqizo lokuhlanzisisa.
Kuyini emisebeni kulinganiswa?
Nokho, Emission emisebeni kuhambisana izinqubo ezihlukahlukene, kukhona amayunithi eziningana agcwele isenzo ionizing imisinga kanye namaza olwandle. Amagama walokho kukalwa emisebeni, zivame ezihlobene amagama ososayensi abahlola wakhe. Ngakho, lapho becquerel, Curie, namacici kanye-X ray. Ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa Inhloso emisebeni kulinganiswa izakhiwo izinto ezinemisebe esakhini esithile :
njengoba kulinganiswe | Kuyini emisebeni kulinganiswa |
umsebenzi umthombo | BQ (Becquerel), Ci (Curie) |
Fluence |
Umthelela radioactivity ku izicubu-non-eziphilayo kukalwa kanje:
njengoba kulinganiswe | Inani | yokukala |
umthamo ugxile | inombolo izinhlayiya emisebeni okuyinto bagajwa izidakamizwa | Gy (Empunga), uyathokoza |
ukuchayeka umthamo | inani emisebeni amuncwa degree of ionization lomcebo + | P (X-ray), K / kg (Coulomb kilogram per) |
imiphumela emisebeni ku eziphilayo:
njengoba kulinganiswe | Inani | yokukala |
umthamo okulingana | ugxile umthamo ngemisebe iphindwe factor degree of ingozi yohlobo emisebeni | Sv (Sievert) rem |
umthamo okulingana ngempumelelo | isamba ngemithamo okulingana kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba, ikhumbula nomthelela kunoma isiphi | Sv rem |
okulingana umthamo izinga | umphumela yemvelo lemisebe isikhathi esithize | Sv / h (Sievert ngehora) |
ukuchayeka Human
Kushisa bhé kule ndawo Kushisa bhé kule ndawo zingabangela nezinguquko ungalungiseki begazi emzimbeni. izinhlayiya emihle - ion engena phakathi kwezicubu eziphilayo naphula isibopho phakathi ama-molecule. Yiqiniso, umphumela incike umthamo ngemisebe wathola. Yemvelo emisebeni yangemuva akuyona yingozi empilweni, futhi awukwazi ayibulale.
Kushisa bhé kule ndawo nemiphumela abantu libizwa ngemisebe. Kungenzeka ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo (komzimba) kanye zofuzo. Ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo imiphumela emisebeni ziyabonakala eyizifo ezahlukene: izimila, leukemias, iziyaluyalu kwezitho. Ukubonakaliswa eyinhloko yesifo emisebeni ye kobukhulu obuhlukahlukene.
imiphumela bofuzo emisebeni ziyabonakala ukwephulwa zemizimba kokukhulelwa noma ezithinta impilo izizukulwane ezizayo. Omunye zokubonisa umphumela zofuzo yokwanda koshintsho.
Ikhono eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini emisebeni
Ngeshwa, isintu besilokhu ithuba ukuthola kunamandla yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Izingozi ezenzeka e-Ukraine futhi Japan, umthelela ezimpilweni zabantu abaningi. Ngaphambi EChernobyl futhi Fukushima iningi emhlabeni akusho cabanga mshini emisebeni lokwenza kanye izinyathelo elula nokuvikeleka.
Ionizing emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni kuyizinhlayiyana noma umfudlana izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya, it has izinhlobo eziningana, ngamunye ephethe angena ikhono lawo. Umpofu kukhona-alpha imisebe noma izinhlayiyana. Barrier ngisho isikhumba izingubo mncane ngabo. Ingozi iza ukuxhumana ngqo amaphaphu noma ipheshana wokugaya ukudla.
I izinhlayiya beta kukhona ama-electron, ukubambezeleka abo ingilazi mncane, izinto zokhuni eziphathekayo. X ray nakuma-gamma ray ukungena izinto izindwangu zingcono. Abakwazi ukubamba ipuleti phambili, imitha obukhulu, noma amashumi amaningana amamitha ngokhonkolo. Neutron emisebeni kwenzeka imisebenzi lapho yokufakelwa ngesikhathi i-imeyli engahlonziwe.
Ukuze awuvikele ukusetshenziswa izinto equkethe i-hydrogen, beryllium, graphite, amanzi asetshenziswa, polyethylene wax.
isiphetho
Ngomqondo obanzi, emisebeni - Kushisa bhé kule ndawo inqubo evela noma emzimbeni. Ngokuvamile leli gama lisetshenziswa ngomqondo it is ionizing emisebeni - usakaze izinhlayiya aphansi ezingathinta izinto nezinto eziphilayo. Umthelela emisebeni kungaba ezahlukene, konke kuncike umthamo.
Nge Ukuchayeka emisebeni yemvelo sihlangana nsuku zonke, ngoba konke ukonakala okusizungezile. senani ngokuvamile encane. emisebeni Artificial kungaba yingozi kakhulu, futhi imiphumela yayo sina.
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