Izifundo Komphakathi. Izindlela Ucwaningo Komphakathi

Ezweni kukhona imiqondo eziningi ezahlukene ukubhekana akunjalo elula. Kulesi sihloko esifanayo, sizoxoxa ngokuthi iziphi izifundo kwezenhlalo, ihluke kanjani lwezenhlalo, futhi lapho ngesikhathi esifanayo usebenzise amasu eziyisisekelo.

mayelana amagama

Kulokhu, umbuzo imigomo kuyinto ngempela oyingozi. Phela, izinkampani ngisho abaningi abangochwepheshe ngokuvamile musa ukuhlukanisa phakathi imiqondo ezifana izifundo zesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nomphakathi. Futhi akulungile. Phela, kukhona umehluko. Futhi zibaluleke ngempela.

Into yokuqala ukuqonda ukuthi kakhulu ngokwesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu njengoba isayensi ukutadisha nasemphakathini wonkana, zokuxhumana yayo ehlukahlukene umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama. Iphanorama nomphakathi - kuyingxenye ethile imiphakathi. Okusho ukuthi, uma wenza isiphetho kwangaphambilini ilula, isifundo icala kungenziwa iqondiswe ngokuphelele sphere nomphakathi.

Uyini umehluko?

Uyini ngempela izifundo ezahlukene lwezenhlalo nakwezenhlalo?

1. ucwaningo Social is iqondiswe ngqó okucacile, ububanzi elilinganiselwe ezinhlakeni zomphakathi.
2. Ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo, zikhona izindlela eziningi esithile, ezenhlalo, ezikhathini eziningi. Nakuba mangisho ukuthi sisuke sicabanga esigabeni eyinhloko izindlela ocwaningo lwezenhlalo.
3. izifundo Social kungaba kwenziwe, ngokungagcini nje ngokubashumayeza zezenhlalo, kodwa futhi odokotela, abameli, izisebenzi izikhulu, izintatheli, nokunye. D.

Nokho, kuwufanele ukuze sicacise ukuthi umbuzo umahluko eqonde kakhulu phakathi ucwaningo nomphakathi kanye lwezenhlalo ingakamiswa ekugcineni ixazululwe. ososayensi Modern Namanje bebaphikisana ngani ezinye amaphuzu amancane, kodwa obalulekile.

Into futhi kuncike

Isihloko ucwaningo social zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Futhi incike sakhethwa. Izinhloso futhi cishe bayoba (ngokuvumelana usosayensi V A. Lukova):

• izinqubo Komphakathi kanye nezikhungo.
• imiphakathi Komphakathi.
• Komphakathi amagugu, imiqondo nemibono.
• Regulations ukuthi ngandlela-thile kuphazamise ushintsho kwezenhlalo.
• amaphrojekthi Social nokunye. D.

Imisebenzi ka-Research Komphakathi

ucwaningo Social le misebenzi elandelayo:

1. Sifo. Lokho ucwaningo social okuhloswe ngaso ukuba baqonde isimo into ngesikhathi esifundweni.
2. Ukunemba ulwazi. Lokho bonke ulwazi oluqoqwe enqubeni ucwaningo, kufanele lungabi naphutha. Endabeni ka ukuhlanekezela ukulungisa kumelwe kwenziwe.
3. Ukubikezela. Imiphumela yocwaningo enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ukudala izibikezelo esifushane futhi yesikhathi eside futhi delineating amathemba kungenzeka.
4. Design. Okungukuthi, ngokuvumelana imiphumela yocwaningo singaholela izincomo ezahlukene izinguquko kungenzeka endaweni ekhethiwe cwaningo.
5. Ukwazisa. Imiphumela yocwaningo yezenhlalakahle kufanele kwenziwe umphakathi. Babuye kudingeka ukuthi unikeze ulwazi oluthile kubantu, ukuchaza amaphuzu athile.
6. • Ukuvuselelwa. Ngenxa imiphumela yocwaningo yezenhlalakahle isebenze noma avuse umsebenzi ngaphezulu asebenzayo amasevisi ezehlukene emphakathini, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukene into ucwaningo.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezinkulu ucwaningo social?

• ucwaningo zezemfundo.
• ucwaningo osetshenziswayo.

Uma sikhuluma uhlobo lokuqala, owufundayo ihlose Ekupheleni nsuku theory, isb. E. Thola ulwazi endaweni ethile ekhethiwe. ucwaningo osetshenziswayo kuhloswe ukuhlaziya endaweni ethile kokuphila komphakathi omphakathi.

ucwaningo osetshenziswayo

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kukhona into enjalo njengoba isicelo ucwaningo emphakathini. Kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi izindlela ezahlukene nemibono ukusiza uhlaziye izinkinga zezenhlalo. injongo yabo eyinhloko kulesi simo ukuthola imiphumela oyifunayo ukusetshenziswa kwabo okwalandela ukuze kuzuze umphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi izindlela Kuye kwaphakama endaweni wezwe lakithi isikhathi eside. Imizamo yokuqala ngesikhathi ucwaningo social eRussia - wokuba kubalwe abantu. Ayekholelwa ngempela njalo kusukela ngekhulu le-18. idatha ucwaningo kokuqala njengoba boom kwaqala ngo kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa wamavukelambuso (Ucwaningo olwenziwa P. Sorokin ubuhlobo bomkhaya, J. Lassen - sphere ngokobulili zokuphila zabantu abasha, njll ...). Namuhla lezi wesifundo sezokuhlalisana kwabantu luthathe indawo ebalulekile phakathi nezinye izinhlobo ezahlukene isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi.

izindlela eziyisisekelo

Yiziphi izindlela eyinhloko ucwaningo social? Ngakho, kuyafaneleka ukuthi akufanele kudidaniswe izindlela lwezenhlalo. Nakuba ngandlela-thile kukhona namanje abanye ukugqagqana. Izindlela ezilandelayo ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa:

• Awokuzenzisa.
• Ukuhlolwa.
• Sifo.
• Examination.

Kukhona nomqondo yokubambisana nokuthathwa kwezinqumo aktsionistskih Social Research. Cabanga indlela ngayinye ngokuningiliziwe.

ukumodeliswa

Izifundo zezomlando nezenhlalo zamanje ngokuvamile sebenzisa indlela ezifana sekulingisa. Kuyini lokhu? Ngakho, lokhu kuyinto design ithuluzi ekhethekile. Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi le ndlela iye kabanzi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Imodeli kakhulu efanayo - uyinto, okuyinto, ngokusho imibono, ubuyisela into yangempela, original. Lolu cwaningo lokhu into ethile ihlinzeka aliqonde ngokunembe kakhudlwana futhi ezijulile izinkinga eziyisisekelo into yangempela. Okungukuthi, kulolu cwaningo uma kuqhutshwa ku reverse. Imodeli kakhulu owenza imisebenzi emithathu elandelayo:

1. I-Predictive. Kulokhu sikhuluma ezinye ukubikezela ngalokho okungase kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo ne into ucwaningo emphakathini.
2. Awokuzenzisa. Kulokhu, it kugxila set up of a imodeli entsha nolwenza ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi uphenyo yokuqala ngokwalo.
3. Projective. Kulokhu, into ucwaningo yakhelwe imisebenzi ethile predetermined noma izakhiwo, elibuye ezithuthukisa imiphumela eyatholakala.

Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi inqubo Sokuzenzela ngempela kufaka ukwakhiwa kwalesi ayekhulekela kudingekile, ukuze uqiniswe iziphetho, kanye ukwakhiwa izinhlobo ezahlukene imibono eyayisinesikhathi ngokwesayensi.

ukuhlola

Thina ukuwucabangela ngokwengeziwe izindlela ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo emphakathini. Uyini umphumela? Ngakho, it is a indlela ngawo ukuhambisana Awukwazi ukufaka nemingcele ezahlukene ngokoqobo nomphakathi ngcono amazinga akhona njengamanje kanye nezinkomba. Lokho, le ndlela yakhelwe ukukala izimfanelo ezahlukene kwento ekhethiwe zocwaningo nomphakathi. Ngenxa yale njongo indlela ekhethekile izinkomba social (lena yezimo ezikhethekile izakhiwo ngabanye, kanye isimo lezinto womphakathi).

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi indlela ezivamile ukuxilongwa nomphakathi kwenzeka izinga lempilo yabantu cwaningo noma ukungalingani emphakathini. Ukunikeza lezi zindlela ezilandelayo indlela zokuxilonga:

1. Qhathanisa. It kungenziwa nge izifundo langaphambilini, imiphumela etholakala, izinhloso ohlosiwe.
2. Ukuhlaziya zonke izinguquko etholwe.
3. Ukuhunyushwa.

luhlolo nomphakathi

Uma kwenziwe ucwaningo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, ngokuvamile indlela yabo eyinhloko yiso luhlolo. Kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezinkulu ezilandelayo kanye izigaba:

1. Ukuxilongwa into social.
2. Ukuthola ulwazi mayelana into cwaningo, kanye izindawo zako ezizungezile.
3. Ukubikezela izinguquko okwalandela.
4. Kutfutfukiswa izincomo esizayo izinqumo.

Aktsionistskoe cwaningo

Ucwaningo e-social work nakho kungaba aktsionistkim. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Yokuqonda lokho okushiwo yinkulumo, kudingeka uqonde ukuthi leli gama - Anglicism. Ekuqaleni leli gama kuzwakala ucwaningo isinyathelo, r. F. "Ucwaningo esenzweni" (ngesiNgisi) .. Leli gama liye ezihlongozwayo ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esikude 1944 usosayensi Kurt Lewin. Kulolu cwaningo uma kusikisela ushintsho lwangempela ekubeni ngokoqobo yezenhlalakahle into iphenywe. Futhi ngenxa yalesi simo, kwenza eziphethweni eziqinisekile, izincomo zenziwa.

ucwaningo ngokusebenzisana

Leli gama lihlanganisa inkulumo futhi Anglicism. Umhlanganyeli kusho "iqembu". Lokho kuyindlela ekhethekile zocwaningo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho into cwaningo abanalo ikhono negunya ukuthatha izinqumo ezidingekile ngokwethu. Kulokhu, izinjongo ukufunda ngokwabo udlulise lo msebenzi. indima Umcwaningi sika kuyehla kube ukugcina nokuqopha imiphumela ehlukile. Kulesi sisekelo, kwenza eziphethweni eziqinisekile, izincomo zenziwa.

ucwaningo ngokwengqondo

Kukhona ucwaningo ngokwengqondo nomphakathi. Kulokhu, wasebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo kuchaziwe ngenhla. Kodwa abanye angasebenza. Ngakho, ngokuvamile basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuphathwa nezindlela zocwaningo zemfundo.

1. Ingabe kabanzi Kulezo zimo, okhethweni (umuntu kumele aphendule imibuzo eminingana ucele kuye). Ngo Psychology kwezenhlalo, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa imibuzo noma ingxoxo indlela.
2. ucwaningo ngokwengqondo nabantu futhi ngokuvamile isebenzisa le ndlela ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nale ndaba, njenge sivivinyo. Kungaba kokubili siqu futhi iqembu. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi le ndlela yocwaningo akulona yezenhlalakahle noma ngokwengqondo. Kungasetjenziswa kulolu cwaningo uma.
3. Enye indlela ebalulekile ucwaningo kwengqondo nomphakathi - isilingo. Ngokuhamba le ndlela ukuze eyayenziwe ukudala isimo esifanele lapho ukusabela kokuziphatha ezithile, noma eminye imininingwane ebalulekile ngabanye.

Ucwaningo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho

Endaweni ehlukile, futhi kudingeka baqaphele, baqonde ukuthi isifundo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. injongo yayo:

1. Ucwaningo izinqubo zezomnotho.
2. Thola ebaluleke kakhulu imithetho nomphakathi.
3. Umthelela izinqubo zezomnotho empilweni into ucwaningo.
4. Ukuhlonza izimbangela ushintsho kwezenhlalo ngenxa izinqubo ezithile kwezomnotho.
5. Futhi-ke, ukubikezela.

Isifundo izinqubo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kungaba kwenziwe ngokwanoma yikuphi yezindlela kuchaziwe ngenhla. bajwayele kabanzi kakhulu, ngoba sphere yezenhlalakahle yokuphila kuxhumene kakhulu ngokungenakuhlukaniswa umnotho.

Komphakathi kanye Nezombusazwe Ucwaningo

Ngokuvamile iphinda isingathe ucwaningo emphakathini nakwezombangazwe. Umgomo wabo oyinhloko simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• Ukuhlolwa iziphathimandla zendawo central.
• Ukuhlolwa uhlale sokhetho abantu.
• Ukunquma ngezidingo bezinhlanga ezahlukene labantu.
• Ukubikezela.
• Ukunquma setepolitiki, izinkinga zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho into ucwaningo.
• Ukutadisha emazinga ekungevani kahle kutenhlalo into ucwaningo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zifundo ikakhulukazi kwenziwe esikhathini ngaphambi kokhetho. Kulokhu, basebenzisa zonke izindlela ngenhla. Kodwa futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ukuhlaziywa kanye Luhlatiyo (ngisho ezinye izindlela zocwaningo womphakathi).

inhlangano ucwaningo

Ukutadisha izinqubo nomphakathi - lena kakhulu isikhathi esiningi umsebenzi. Phela, kubalulekile ukulungiselela uhlelo lokuba zonke ulwazi oluyisisekelo uzobe lelipelwe. Ngakho, le dokhumenti kufanele iqukathe:

1. Ulwazi mayelana into bese isihloko cwaningo.
2. Kubalulekile ukuba pre-khetha indlela yophenyo.
3. Ekuqaleni ebekiwe njengoba umbono kusolwa. Okungukuthi ukuthi ngokuvumelana idatha kwangaphambilini kufanele uthole umphumela.

isu ucwaningo

Noma yimuphi ukutadisha izinkinga zezenhlalo kufaka esiteji, njengoba isu ucwaningo. Mina Oku Uthi futhi ukuthi noma yiluphi uphenyo kungaba phambili odlule noma lokucabanga ukuziphatha parallel nezinye nemisebenti lehlose yokuthola ulwazi noma ushintsho ngokoqobo yezenhlalakahle kwento ekhethiwe. Lelisu lihlanganisa amaphuzu letibalulekile letilandzelako:

• Ukubeka imigomo kanye nemibuzo (kungani udinga ukufunda, okufunayo ukuze uthole yalokho, nokunye. D.).
• Ukucutshungulwa onobuhle ehlukahlukene theory kanye izindlela.
• Qiniseka ukufunda izinsiza (izimali nesikhathi ukufeza lohleliwe).
• Data collection.
• Kukhethwa indawo cwaningo, isb. E. Idatha ukuhlonza.
• Ukukhetha inqubo ukulawula cwaningo.

Izinhlobo kulolu cwaningo uma zingase zihluke kakhulu. Ngakho, kungaba ucwaningo lokuhlola, lapho le ndaba kancane aziwayo futhi cishe engaziwa. Kunocwaningo yesikhathi esisodwa (lapho ayisekho ubuyele into), noma okuphindiwe. Longitudinal, noma ukuqapha, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi into sifundwa ngezikhathi ngesikhathi isethi ngezikhathi.

Ucwaningo ensimini kwenziwe izimo evamile ngoba into. Laboratory - eyayenziwe wadala. Kuvele enokwehla Isifundo esekelwe izenzo noma izenzo into, lo theory - kuhilela isifundo izenzo kusolwa noma into nesimilo ucwaningo emphakathini.

Lokhu kulandelwa i-choice indlela ucwaningo (iningi labo ezichazwe ngenhla). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lena uyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu eyinhloko iqoqo idatha, okuvumela ukuba uthole imiphumela ethile futhi eziphethweni. Kubalulekile preliminarily ukunquma indlela futhi sicubungula ulwazi wathola. Lokhu kungaba ukuhlaziya ngokwezibalo, zofuzo, zomlando noma zokuhlola, yokwakheka nokulandelana t nomphakathi. D.