KumiswaIsayensi

Ukubhujiswa - Iyini? Izinhlobo nokucekelwa nezici zabo

Igama elithi "ekubhujisweni" elisuka Latin. Ngokwezwi nezwi, leli gama lisho ukuthi "imbubhiso." Empeleni, ngomqondo obanzi, kuza imbubhiso - ukuhlukumeza ubuqotho isakhiwo evamile noma ukubulala. Lenchazelo kungaqondakala esinda. Ngokwesibonelo, singasho ukuthi ukubhujiswa - kugcilwa noma ingxenye (s) yokuziphatha futhi psyche womuntu, ukanye nezikhonzi ukuqothulwa ahlobene noma izinto. Kuphi futhi kanjani lo mqondo iyasetshenziswa? Mayelana nalesi - kamuva esihlokweni.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Umqondo sokuqala phambi mabutho angabantu futhi izakhi ukuthi kukhona focus kubhujiswa izinto zangaphandle noma yena, asendulo izinganekwane, ifilosofi, inkolo. Lezi imiqondo kamuva wathola ukuthuthukiswa ezinye emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Ekhulwini lama-20 kuye kwaba ezinye ukuqonda olusha. Abacwaningi abaningi bathi lokhu yokwanda ukuba asho into ezahlukene emphakathini, izinkinga psychoanalytic, izinhlekelele ezahlukene emphakathini. Lezi zinkinga sibaphatha ehileleke ongqondongqondo ezahlukene isikhathi. Phakathi kwabo, Jung, Freud, Fromm, Gross, kwamaNazi nezinye theorists kanye nodokotela.

Ukusebenza umsebenzi womuntu

Kuyini ukubhujiswa ubuntu emkhakheni umsebenzi? Ngo inqubo imisebenzi umsebenzi imakwe ekuguquleni kumuntu nomuntu. Lomsebenzi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunomthelela ukuthuthukiswa kanye kumiswa ubuntu. Ngakolunye, ukuhamba komsebenzi umphumela kubhujiswa umuntu ngomqondo ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo. Ngakho, kungashiwo kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuguqulwa ungubani kwenzeka oluyi komunye nomunye. Emkhakheni zokuthuthukisa umsebenzi amathuluzi ephumelela kunazo yilezo neqhaza ekuqiniseni lo mkhuba yokuqala bayazi e ekuphunguleni ubuncane yesibili. nokucekelwa Professional kancane zanqwabelana izinguquko ongathandeki ubuntu bakhe nezindlela zokuphila. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa okuyisidina uhlobo olufanayo lomsebenzi isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa engadingeki izinga zabasebenzi. Isiza ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuqinisa wesimo ngokwengqondo nezingxabano. Yilokho i-career emkhakheni yembubhiso.

imithi

Kwezinye izimo, izinqubo elimazayo kungaba nomthelela ukuqedwa izenzakalo ezithile ezingezinhle. Ikakhulukazi, lo mphumela siyenzeka kwezokwelapha. Ukubhujiswa kungaba wusizo? Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ibangwa isicelo ngamabomu, isibonelo, ukusebenza kwayo nezifo zabesifazane. Ekwelapheni pathologies ezehlukene, odokotela basebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene. Omunye wabo ukubhujiswa umsakazo-imvamisa. It is lisetshenziswe izifo ezifana izinhlumba ogangeni lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, warts, ukuguguleka komhlabathi, dysplasia. Radiowave ekubhujisweni wesibeletho kuyindlela kobuhlungu futhi sisheshe nomthelela endaweni ethintekile. Le ndlela nokwelashwa pathologies kungenziwa Kunconywa ngisho abesifazane nulliparous.

Oncology

Izifo eziningi ahambisana izicubu ekubhujisweni. Izifo ezihlala zihlanganisa umdlavuza futhi. Omunye udaba isimila (Sarcoma) Ewing. Lokhu cell round ithambo lwesimila. Lokhu Ithumba ebucayi emisebeni. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye komdlavuza lokhu zokugula kwenzeka ayesemncane, phakathi neminyaka engu-10 nelama-20. Ehamba ukuvuvukala ethintekile esitho amathambo, kodwa zingase futhi zibe kwezinye izindawo. Neoplasm uhlanganisa ezinabantu wahlela amaseli oyindilinga. Izimpawu sici kakhulu zihlanganisa ukuvuvukala nesisa. Sarcoma mkhuba ezahlukene distribution abalulekile futhi kwezinye izimo ihlanganisa wonke umnyango eyinhloko amathambo eside. On the radiograph endaweni ethintekile akubukeki kabanzi njengoba empeleni. Ngosizo MRI kanye CT kunqunywa imingcele zokugula. Lesi sifo kuhambisana lytic ithambo ekubhujisweni. Lolu shintsho ubhekwa isici kakhulu lesi sifo. Nokho, kukhona kwezinye izimo futhi "eziyizigaxa" nezendlalelo eziningi ithambo, kwakhiwa ngaphansi periosteum. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaphambili izinguquko idatha ingeyamakhosi izimpawu zokwelashwa zakudala. Sifo kumele kusekelwe biopsy. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iphethini ezifanayo-X-ray kungabonakala nasemkhakheni ngokumelene zasemuva zezinye izinhlelo amathambo izimila umdlavuza. Ukwelashwa kuhilela ukusetshenziswa inhlanganisela ezahlukene emisebeni, amakhemikhali okwelapha namasu kuhlinzwa. Ukusetshenziswa eyinkimbinkimbi izinyathelo zokwelapha aqede zokugula ezingaphezu kuka-60% eziguli kokuba ifomu eyinhloko endawo Sarcoma Ewing sika.

ukubhujiswa chemical

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungabonakala nasemkhakheni ngaphansi kwethonya ezintweni ezihlukahlukene. Ikakhulukazi, le nkulumo ihlanganisa amanzi, umoya-mpilo, alcohols, acid, nabanye. Umthelela wenyama futhi ingakhuluma futhi abe ejenti elimazayo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kungenzeka ethandwa kakhulu okukhulunywa emisebeni ionizing, ukukhanya, ukushisa, amandla lokukhanda. ukubhujiswa Chemical - inqubo ukuthi senzeka ngokukhetha enikeziwe umthelela ngokomzimba. Lokhu kungenxa ukusondela isihlobo izici amandla abo bonke ubudlelwano.

Ukucekelwa phansi kwezinga polymers

Le nqubo ubhekwa kakhulu wafunda kuze kube manje. Kulokhu, lo selectivity waphawula imihlola. Inqubo sihambisana ukudabuka carbon-heteroatom izibopho. ukubhujiswa yi kulokhu iyona monomer. Ukumelana okukhulu ukuze ejenti zamakhemikhali ebonwe carbon-carbon isibopho. Kulokhu ukubhujiswa - inqubo kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo elawula noma khona amaqembu ohlangothini ezinciphisa amandla isibopho esiyinhloko uchungechunge kwakwakhe.

ngezigaba

Ngokusho izimfanelo imikhiqizo nokucekelwa abahlukene depolymerization nokubhujiswa ngokungahleliwe. Kulo mBhalo, ibhekisela inqubo okuyinto ephambene ukusabela polycondensation. Phakathi ke okuseceleni okubukhali akhiwa kabani Ubukhulu ezidlula iyunithi monomeric. Inqubo depolymerization kucatshangwa zenzeka ngokulandelana detaching kusukela monomers uchungechunge onqenqemeni. Ngamanye amazwi, lokho okwenziwa senzeka, uxhumano okuphambene izixhumanisi polymerization. Lezi zinhlobo nokucekelwa singenzeka noma kanyekanye noma ngokwehlukana. Ngaphandle kwalezi ezimbili, cishe into yesithathu. Kulokhu, ibhekisela ukubhujiswa isixhumanisi ababuthakathaka elikhona phakathi nendawo macromolecule. Ngo inqubo ukubhujiswa ngokusetshenziswa elihlangana okungahleliwe kwenzeka iconsi ngokwanele okusheshayo e polymer isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Lapho depolarization lokhu umphumela kancane kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, polymethyl methacrylate kokuba isisindo yamangqamuzana 44,000, degree of polymerization we ketshezi asalile cishe ingashintshiwe kuze kube isikhathi lapho depolymerization isidlulile 80%.

nokucekelwa ezishisayo

Ngomqondo onabile zezakhi ngokumelene eqhekeza ngaphansi ukushisa akufanele zihluke hydrocarbon kwemifantu, lo mshini iketango isethwe ngokuqiniseka okuphelele. Ngokuhambisana isakhiwo amakhemikhali polymers kunqunywa ukumelana yabo ukufudumeza, izinga zokuwohloka kanye nezici imikhiqizo kwakheka inqubo. Isinyathelo sokuqala Nokho, uyohlale kumiswa radicals khulula. Ukwandisa ukusabela obuhambisana wesifunda decoupling futhi ukwehla isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ukuphazamiseka singenzeka ngu disproportionation noma recombination of free radicals. Kulokhu, ushintsho isakhiwo wamaqhuzu kungenzeka, ukwakheka izakhiwo lubandlululo kanye branched futhi zingavela izibopho kabili enisemikhawulweni we macromolecules.

Izinto ezithinta izinga yenqubo

Phakathi nokucekelwa ezishisayo, njenganoma yiluphi ukusheshisa chain reaction kwenzeka ngezithukuthuku izingxenye uyakwazi iba yingxenye yomhlabathi kalula free radicals. Deceleration Kuyaqapheleka futhi ebukhoneni compounds ukuthi kukhona acceptors. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ukwandisa izinga ukuguqulwa bedle iraba waphawula ukuhlolwa kanye diazo ingxenye. Phakathi amalahle polymers ezingeni lokushisa kusuka degree angu-80 kuya ku-100 no-khona kwalezi ezintweni kuphela imakwe nokucekelwa. Nge emakamu obandayo enkompolo ikhambi babe oqavile ukusabela aphakathi okuholela gelation kanye kumiswa isakhiwo ngekwendzawo. Ngo inqubo kwemifantu ezishisayo polymers kanye nokuncipha isilinganiso isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye ushintsho kwesakhiwo siyenzeka depolymerization (cleavage monomer). Ngezinye lokushisa engaphezu kwengu-60 lapho noqhekeko block methyl methacrylate ebukhoneni ka benzoyl peroxide uchungechunge okungcono evala ngu disproportionation. Ngenxa yalokho, isigamu yezinhlayiya kufanele nesibopho esigungwini double. Kulokhu, kuba sobala ukuthi macromolecular igebe zidinga esingaphansi engqamuzaneni ayegcwele, amandla wokwenza kusebenze.

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