Izigaba yentuthuko kwengqondo njengoba isayensi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla

Kuqhathaniswa sikakhokho we Psychology wefilosofi, umlando lasungulwa nokuthuthukiswa yesayensi ye encane. Nokho, ngaphambi kokubhalisa kwengqondo njengenhlangano legatsha esizimele okwakwaziwa ososayensi emakhulwini amaningi edlule, ngesikhathi lapho kwakhiwa ulwazi nokuqonda ukuthi umphefumulo womuntu - a "esintengayo", "ezingacacile" futhi engaqinisekile, kodwa isihloko oluphelele ezinjalo ezifana, okuyinto izinikele cwaningo kanye psychology. Ngakho, izigaba eziyinhloko yentuthuko ngokwengqondo zingahlukaniswa zibe pre-yesayensi, kwavela endulo, zefilosofi - eside kakhulu, lapho amakhulu eminyaka eqoqwe base benziwa umbono ezithile ukumelwa nokuqaphelisisa ososayensi zo ngendoda futhi "umhlaba kwangaphakathi" yakhe, ezesayensi nezoqala kusukela maphakathi nekhulu XIX, lapho beqala kwenziwe ucwaningo lokuqala zokuhlola kule ndawo.

izigaba zomlando ka ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo ekuqaleni endulo. Ukuze uzwisise imvelo indoda Uzame yi zefilosofi zasendulo. Babeqiniseka ukuthi ukhona ezinye uhlobo ikhemikhali unomthwalo ukuziphatha kwakhe. Materialists capita imelelwa umzimba wenyama sakhiwa ngomzuzu ama-athomu uyiphupho babekholelwa ukuthi eqhubeka eshaweni ezithile izidakamizwa esikhashana abahlala umzimba womuntu ngaphandle kokubheka futhi befaka ukuhlakanipha okuphakeme. Isikhova i-great sefilosofi u-Aristotle akazange ukuhlukanisa umphefumulo noma "psyche" yomzimba, kunenkolelo ukuthi Itholakala enhliziyweni yomuntu aqoqana ulwazi yonke futhi kanjalo kusiza umuntu abone yena empilweni.

inkinga umphefumulo emenza kwalandela izingxoxo ezingapheli kanye Ephakathi. Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo, benqaba le mfundiso yefilosofi umphefumulo kanye nocwaningo yemvelo yesayensi, bekholelwa ukuthi konke emhlabeni, futhi umqondo womuntu ngokukhethekile ilawula ephakeme waphezulu. Scholastics futhi izama ukuxhumeka nezimfundiso zenkolo theory ka-Aristotle ukuchaza izinqubo eliwumhlaba kusukela umbono yingqondo yomuntu, "ukukhanya" kokholo saphezulu.

Izigaba esilandelayo ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo njengoba isayensi kufanele uqale ne ukwazi kwekhulu XVII, futhi axhunyiwe nemfundiso yokuziphendukela Descartes, owadala imodeli mechanistic yokuziphatha. Ngokusho umphefumulo wakhe, etholakala ubuchopho futhi lwakha essence yayo, kusobala ku motor imizwa imisipha, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba ukuthutha nasemilenzeni bese benze izenzo ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eshaweni ivumela umuntu ukulawula izenzo zakhe, lokho elimhlukanisa isilwane. Lo mbono esikabili, okubonisa khona komphefumulo, umzimba ukuphathwa ngosizo umfuziselo mechanical, naphezu ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi ngezindlela komzimba womuntu futhi izitho zomzimba, sekuyisikhathi eside ehola futhi Waba isiqalo sokuthuthukisa eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ngokwengqondo kamuva.

Izigaba yentuthuko kwengqondo ekhulwini XVII, ehambisana nokukhula ngokushesha ngesayensi yemvelo. Chemistry, i-physics, sabe XVIII zomzimba leminyaka, zokusondelana ekuqondeni indlela igama elithi yokudlulisa ulwazi emzimbeni womuntu, zinomthelela omkhulu ukwakheka kanye ekwakhekeni Psychology ngokwesayensi. Ekugcineni, ngekhulu le-XIX kubonakala kwabantu futhi elabhorethri lokuqala zokuhlola, okuvumela ukuba bagcine izenzo nasezenzweni zomuntu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukwakheka izigaba ezintsha ekuthuthukiseni kwengqondo njengoba isayensi has ekuziphatheni. Lolu suku lwaqala nge usosayensi German W. Wundt, wavula ngo-1879, i-laboratory kuqala lapho kutadishwa okuqukethwe kanye nesakhiwo ukwazi. Kamuva, i-laboratory efanayo kwahlelwa Russian usosayensi yemvelo V M. Behterevym.

Psychology Modern iqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili njengoba iqoqo amagatsha ahlukahlukene yolwazi, kuhlanganise izindawo zocwaningo futhi eyala ukuthi ukufunda ukubonakaliswa olungafani psyche inhloso kanye nezindlela zayo. Kusukela phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kanjalo namanje njengoba usuku izigaba Psychology ekutfutfukisa - kuyinto ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukiswa eziningi izinkomba nezikole (behaviorism, engqondweni yethu, kohlaziyo, Psychology neyobuntu , njll), futhi banemiqondo yabo mayelana abantu futhi izindlela zabo yokuziphatha, ngokuvamile eziphikisanayo nezinye. Nokho, ne ushona we ulwazi eziphikisanayo ngokwengqondo emkhatsini ezindaweni ezahlukene kuthiwa esehlelembe, kukhona indlela eclectic, ukuphuma zinkolelo-mbono ezicatshangelwayo ekhona imiqondo ngosizo olwengeziwe ukuqonda imihlola ehlukahlukene nokuthi zisungule izindlela ngempumelelo ngokusiza umuntu ukuba athuthukise futhi ukuvumelanisa ukuphila kwakhe.