Izikhulu Kievan Rus. Duke Amandla Kievan Rus '

Old isimo Russian - a, abanethonya inhlangano enamandla zezombusazwe kwesikhathi Ephakathi. izikhungo Ukwakhiwa uhulumeni zenzeka kancane kancane. Isisekelo kumiswa steel Rus inhlangano tribal Slavic, okuyinto inkambo yokuphikisana eside united kwisimo esisodwa. isimiso sezombangazwe nesezomnotho engimbumbile izikhulu omkhulu ka Kievan Rus.

usaqala wekuba sive Russian

Ekuqaleni kwakukhona 14 Izinyunyana lesizwana lwamaSlav. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Duliby, northerners vyatichi Tivertsy nabanye abaningi. amaqembu Tribal savela zibe imfundo yezombusazwe, okungase ngokuthi isimo sibonelo. Ezinethonya kunazo abangu ukusula futhi Duliby. Ngenxa yalokho bempi kanye ayimizulane, kuba namandla kakhulu lo esobala enokukhanya kwelanga. Nale isizwe base ezihlobene Kiev - inhloko-dolobha yombuso Russia esizayo. Emhlabeni edolobheni kwamiswa principalities esiqinile. Maphakathi nekhulu IX, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, sikwazi ukukhuluma ukuhlanganiswa izinhlangano isimo disparate ndawonye. On izenzakalo yimpumelelo angaphandle ubukhulu uthi indaba. Kievan Rus ngempumelelo walwa nama-Arabhu kanye nezinye izitha.

Novgorod: isikhungo Russia yesibili

Eyesibili ngemva Kiev isikhungo zezombusazwe ezibaluleke kakhulu lamiswa Novgorod. Singakhuluma mayelana nokusungulwa edolobheni e X leminyaka. Novgorod yasungulwa phezu indawo ohlala sezizwe zakwa Slavic. Lapha kwamiswa Confederation. Ukuhlanganisa abameleli kuhlanganisiwe lezizwe non-Slavic - ngokocwaningo, bona wona alawula indawo.

Izifunda yasenyakatho naseningizimu ukwakheka wekuba sive - Kiev futhi Novgorod - amazinga ehlukene kwezombusazwe, ezomnotho nezenhlalo. Izazi-mlando ziye zaphawula ukuthi Kiev kwaba eziphucuzekile futhi athuthukiswe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Novgorod azizange "zasendle". Isici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isikhungo enyakatho kwaba Varangian ukunqoba. Izikhulu lokuqala Kievan Rus babevela eScandinavia. Isici Varangian kwakufanele nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni wekuba sive.

Kungani Scandinavians? Phakathi kwezizwe zakwa Slavic kwakungafanele united ekuphathweni. AmaViking ngesikhathi elawulwa ukuqoqwa inkokhiso. Ekuqaleni lwamaSlav ehlubuka futhi wenqaba ukukhokha. izizwe Consolidated abaxotshwayo bahlaseli, kodwa-ke akuzange ubunye kubo. Ngenxa yalokho, lwamaSlav shayela hlela Rurik - zaseScandinavia weNkosi. Izikhulu Kievan Rus kubhekwe inzalo yakhe.

Isikhathi sokuqala ekuthuthukiseni zomlando of Russia

Izikhulu lokuqala Kievan Rus kwakufanele nomthelela inkambo yomlando. Rurik wakwazi zenze izizwe nokuxazulula izinkinga ezithile, kodwa 879 wayesefa. ngendodana nendlalifa yakhe esemthethweni yesihlalo isihloko kwesikhulu ukuthi usemncane kakhulu futhi ayikwazanga elawula ngokwayo - ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhona, wamiswa ibamba.

Oleg - omunye Ayindida kakhulu emlandweni. Mayelana naye sokuba sazi okuncane kakhulu - abacwaningi awukwazi ukukhomba ukuthi ivelaphi. Ngisho negama Regent kwaba impikiswano. Ngokushesha waba umbusi yedwa. ISikhulu Kievan Rus, Oleg olwenziwa uchungechunge imikhankaso yimpumelelo, okuholela omunye wabo, yena waba inhloko yalawa wonke umbuso.

Ngo 882 ukuthi lathunjwa Kiev, lolo ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa lalibuswa Askold futhi Dir. Lezi izikhulu abulawa, futhi amandla abo ayethathe Oleg. Ngakho, izindawo yasenyakatho naseningizimu Russia sasimunye. Lona omunye izenzo main of Oleg. Izikhulu of Kievan Rus, owabusa ngemva kwakhe, uye wanda ngempumelelo zensimu.

Oleg wakwazi nokuqalisa nenguquko - ukushintsha inhlangano yezizwe zakwa Slavic. Ngaphambili, bahlakazekela Ezemfundo, Prince wakwazi ukubeka izisekelo yinye.

Prince Igor nomkakhe Olga

I indlalifa yezithembiso Rurik waqala ukubusa ngo-912. Ukubusa kwakhe akakwazi ngokuthi yimpumelelo. Wayefanele uqhubeke umsebenzi Oleg - zomuntu nokulwa nokuthambekela ngabodwa, lapho nethonya izizwe Slavic, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kuphumelele.

Ngenxa yalokho, empini iminyaka emithathu wayebeke Igor Ulichi futhi Drevlyane, kodwa tentatively kakhulu. Ulichi neyaziwayo Prince umthetho ngokwemibandela kuphela. Ukuhluleka enkulu leBhodi Igor saba umthetho wakhe intela. Prince ngenkuthalo walwa emelene nabaphikisi abaningi, futhi lokhu kwakudinga izimali. Ngesinye isikhathi, phakathi kweminye imizamo ukuqoqa intela okuphindaphindiwe, Igor wabulawa Drevlyane.

Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, wafika amandla Olga - umkakhe. Wawunodonga isimo ibamba isikhathi indodana ezincane Igor. Olga, njengabanye izikhulu Kievan Rus, kuye kwafeza lukhulu ukuguqula isimo. isenzo wokuthoma wakhangiswa yokuziphindiselela Drevlianys kodwa ke umbusi kulayini uhlelo yokuqoqa intela. Tribute waqala ukuqongelela liphakathi futhi ehlelekile.

Inqubomgomo angaphandle wababusi Russia at esigabeni sokuqala wekuba sive

I Management Board zezikhulu Kievan Rus kwadingeka into eyodwa kunqubomgomo efanayo yokusebenzelana namazwe angaphandle - ukulondoloza ubuhlobo nge waseByzantium. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho umbusi ubunjalo oxhumana kwaba ngabanye.

Izizathu isithakazelo eByzantium walala benethonya elikhulu leli zwe eye yaba nalo yonke iYurophu: isimo kwaba ukuhweba, isikhungo kwamasiko nenkolo. Coming uyolwa noma enobudlelwane neConstantinople, izikhulu Kievan Rus wazama ukuqinisa ngokwayo enkundleni ngamazwe. Imikhankaso lokuqala eyenziwa Oleg - ku 907 kanye 911, ngokulandelana. Umphumela kwakuyinkathi evumela Russia sivumelwano: eByzantium waphoqwa ukuba akhokhele isizumbulu iminikelo kanye nokunikeza izimo ukuhweba ekhethekile zabathengisi Russian.

Prakthiza izintaba ku eByzantium baqhubeka Igor, kodwa uma wakhe ke akuphumelelanga ngakho. Eminyakeni 941 kanye 943, Prince wenza umzamo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimo yesivumelwano ubudala. Phakathi nomkhankaso lokuqala amabutho akhe lahluleka kwasani. 2, kunjalo phambi impi akwenzekanga, ngoba Igor wabutha impi enkulu. Umbusi WaseByzantium wavumelana basayine isivumelwano, kodwa kwaba kancane inzuzo ku-Russia kuka sivumelwano iminyaka 911.

Ubudlelwano neConstantinople Olga egqoka uhlamvu ezahlukene. EByzantium Duchess wavakashela izikhathi ezimbalwa. Ayenesithakazelo kuyo yobuKristu Rus. Phakathi nokuhambela, Olga waba umKristu, kodwa ngokuvamile inqubomgomo yalo yenkolo akuphumelelanga.

Esinye isici esibangela inqubomgomo angaphandle ngendlela efanele usaqala yentuthuko wekuba sive babe Caucasian futhi Arab sompristi.

Svyatoslav - Prince Warrior

Igor indodana Svyatoslav athatha izintambo ngonyaka 964 yi Icebo lika eyenziwa ngokumelene nonina ibamba - Olga. Ama-Movie Prince uvunyelwe eRussia ukuba abe kwelinye lamazwe ezinethonya kunazo.

Le ndawo lokuqala of interest Svyatoslav babe izizwe Slavic. Prince kwakuhlanganisa abanye amasimu Rus. Svyatoslav balwa Khazars futhi iVolga Bulgars.

Prince impumelelo yavusa eByzantium - isimo eyaziwa ngokuba ikhono ukuqhuba impi zamanxusa. WaseConstantinople wakwazi ukuba ahileleke ukumelana yeRussia ne baseBulgaria. EByzantium "ngokwenkolo ecela usizo" Svyatoslav ukunqoba laba bantu. Ngokuhamba empini enkulu Dorostol isikhulu Russian wahlasela baseBulgaria - ngakho uqede umkhankaso wokuqala Balkan. Ngakho, eByzantium ngiyilahle isitha esikhulu yi-proxy. Ngemva konyaka, Svyatoslav kuyinto umkhankaso wesibili Balkan - kwaba ukuqala yimpumelelo, kodwa waseConstantinople wakwazi ukumisa amabutho Russian futhi abeke sivumelwano kokwesikhulu. Imigomo: Russia akufanele kube esalwa eByzantium futhi enze izimangalo ensimini ka eCrimea.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi Svyatoslav lokuqala eRussia ngokusemthethweni phakathi kwamadodana akhe ukuze ugweme ukuxabana ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

Ukuqala "Era Golden" of Russia: wokubusa Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha

Isikhathi ukuchuma enkulu Russia esiye sabhekana nalo kulezi wokubusa Vladimira Velikogo futhi Yaroslava Mudrogo. Ngalesi sikhathi, imingcele ekugcineni igxilile isimo, endaweni kwaba kweliphezulu, kwakugcwele yezinguquko ohlelweni kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho.

Ngemva kokufa Svyatoslav waqala umzabalazo fratricidal ngoba amandla. Ngo ukuphikiswa wanqoba uVladimir, kamuva esabizwa ngesizwe Omkhulu. Ngo 980, waba umbusi zonke eRussia. Phakathi nokubusa uVladimir yena wazimisa njengonegunya kusho owaleli, ohlakaniphile, lamasosha wezinguquko. Phakathi uhulumeni wakhe insimu yase Russia kuphelile ukwakhiwa.

Kievan Rus Prince uVladimir wachitha kwekuhlela kabusha eziningana:

• Ngokuhamba ekuphathweni - sikhishwe ngokomthetho division sendawo isimo.
• Military kabusha: izinguquko abathintekayo enhlanganweni tribal kwezinhloko zamaviyo. Kunalokho, uVladimir babuyelana uhlelo ukuzivikela Russia nedivayisi amakhosi asendulo. Prince wanika engcono umhlaba umngcele amasosha - behlakulela ezweni futhi ngikhulumele umngcele.
• Sezenkolo: e 988 Prince uVladimir wabhapathizwa Rus.

Esikhathini sphere inqubomgomo abangabokufika baqhubeka elala eByzantium, oxhumana iqiniswe njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma.

Phakathi emzabalazweni

Prince uVladimir washona ngo 1015. Abamlandela waqala ngenkuthalo balwele amalungelo abo. Phakathi nokuphila Vladimir wamnikela amadodana emhlabeni, kodwa akusho ukuxazulula inkinga - wonke umuntu wayefuna ukuba abuse zonke izindawo. abazalwane abane bashonile ngesikhathi le ngxabano. Ngenxa yalokho, nezitha esiqine babe umbusi Chernigov futhi Mstislav Kievan Prince Yaroslav. Ngo-1024 phakathi amabutho abo impi senzeka eduze nedolobha kwamahlamvu. Yaroslav wahlulwa, kodwa abazalwane bakwazi ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni futhi ngokuhlanganyela ukuhlela iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10, kuze kufe Mstislav.

Izikhulu uvumile ukuthi Russia kuyoba izikhungo ezimbili - Kyïv kanye Chernihiv. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa sezombusazwe igama duumvirate - izibonelo ezinjalo zimbalwa yazi indaba. Kievan Rus ngesikhathi sokubusa abazalwane buqina njengoba Yaroslav owayengusombusazwe abanamakhono, futhi Mstislav - nomholi wezempi futhi owaleli.

isikhathi izimbali

Ngemva kokufa Mstislav uJaroslav waba umbusi ematheni Russia. Iminyaka Engu ubukhulu bakhe - isikhathi sokuchuma Kuyaqala ngqa, ukuba yinye isimo. Yaroslav kwaba usomaqhinga, wezinguquko, hhayi iqhawe. Kusukela esemncane wayenawo umthethosisekelo obucayi, ukugula wayexhuga. Kodwa lezi amaphutha abangu offset ezazilawulwa imibuso omkhulu isikhulu kwezombusazwe yasekhaya noxhumana nabo zamanxusa.

Emuva e-duumvirate uhlelo Yaroslav nomfowabo ephethwe ukuba banqobe izwe lakhe eduzane Russia. Ababusi benza lukhulu ekuqiniseni amandla ukuvikela isimo. Phakathi nokubusa Yaroslav ephethwe ukushaya izitha endala Russia - the Pechenegs. Ukuze kuhlonishwe lo mcimbi yayakhiwe St Sophia Cathedral - i lesikhumbuzo oluvelele bokwakha.

Ngo inqubomgomo angaphandle, abazalwane babeba abaqaphile kodwa esitebeleni. amabutho uJaroslav kwenziwe umkhankaso wokugcina ngokumelene waseByzantium. Yena akuphumelelanga, kodwa ngeke ukulimaza isikhundla Russia enkundleni ngamazwe.

Yaroslav kwaba edumile "Ukuhileleka umndeni" - zonke izingane zakhe washada nababusi emikhulu yaseYurophu noma abameleli wohlanga.

Amafa eyinhloko isikhathi zezimbali kwaba "Russian Iqiniso" - ikhodi kuqala elilotshiwe lemithetho. Umbhali kwaba Yaroslav, wethiwa the Hlakaniphile. Kube wawugcinwa zonke izinkambiso elawula ukuphila sabantu.

izikhulu Olukhulu Kievan Rus - Yaroslav futhi uVladimir - wenza isimo omunye komkhulu futhi enethonya kunazo zonke eYurophu.

Ukuqala nokwehlukaniswa Rus '

usadlondlobele waqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi XI leminyaka - kulandelwa ukwehla kancane kancane waqala. Kievan Rus Prince uVladimir eyamlandela yakhe uJaroslav wathola cishe kuyafana - a livikeleke ngokomthetho ukwehlukana isimo phakathi kwamadodana akhe. Lokhu kwakwenziwa izinhloso phambili, kodwa umphumela omuhle asilandelwanga.

amadodana Yaroslav waqala ukulwela amandla. Ngenxa yalokho, kwashintsha ngendlela yokubusa kwamakhosi - eyodwa waba federated. Kwathiwa ehlotshisiwe triumvirate - union esiyingqayizivele zezombusazwe, lapho uhulumeni uye sebebe nempumelelo ekuhlinzeni iminyaka engaba ngu-20. Izikhathi baye badlula, futhi ngayinye triumvirs wafuna ukuba agxilise ezandleni zabo bonke amandla. Ukuwa Union ngokusemthethweni wathatha ku Vyshgorod Congress - abafowethu bavuma ukuba abuse esikhundleni salokho. Ke kwabakho anezinhlaka "Iqiniso Yaroslav", okuyinto eyaba ukwengeza "Iqiniso Russian". Ngakho, owokuqala kwaba Prince Svyatoslav, ngemva Izyaslav, zinyanga - Vsevolod.

I ngasekupheleni kwekhulu kwaphawulwa emikhulu udweshu phakathi izindlalifa kanye Ababethi amandla. Khomba ukuthi ukhona Russia olulodwa waba oPhethe Liubech - kwanqunywa ukuthi yileso naleso zibuse emazweni awo. Lokhu kwaba yisisekelo kwehlukana.

izikhulu Russian of Kievan Rus ekupheleni XI leminyaka kuphelile ukuba khona, isimo esisodwa eqinile. Umzamo wokugcina ukubuyisela inkazimulo yangaphambili kwaba wokubusa Vladimira Monomaha, nangemva - indodana yakhe. ngesethi entsha "Charter" imithetho bahlanganiswa, sekudlule isikhathi esifushane komhlaba.

Evolution kahle kwemandla embuso eRussia

A izinhlobo zohulumeni eRussia lezwakala lapho sebebuswa inkosi. It ilungisiwe kaningana phakathi ukuthuthukiswa wekuba sive. Amandla yinkosana Kievan Rus sezihambe ibanga elide.

Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala ukuthuthukiswa isimo-Prince wayengumholi wempi Umkhuzi. Kuyinto uhlobo bakudala kobukhosi, okuyinto wancika esikwatini. Ibutho isikhulu babe ichopho isimo. Ngakule inkimbinkimbi ibhodi wathatha isimo uhlelo intela kanye nenkantolo. Mayelana isikhulu ngalesosikhathi kunzima ukusho, indlela mayelana isikhulu sikahulumeni noma wezinguquko. Lena wokubusa Rurik, Igor, u-Oleg.

I zezimbali Russia - kwenkathi ukubhalisa lapho sebebuswa inkosi eyodwa. Manje isikhulu - hhayi nje isosha, kodwa futhi wezinguquko, sezombusazwe. Ibutho ulahlekelwa ithonya izinqumo umbusi - squad iqala ukuba afeze imisebenzi yayo eqondile. Ngezinye Prince avele abeluleki - boyars. Lokhu Izicukuthwane Russian ubudala, okuyinto zibe nomthelela omkhulu. Umbusi ngesikhathi, kwaba obapha amandla, omele Russia enkundleni ngamazwe, yisiboniso amandla nokuzinza.

Lapho laseRussia aqala iba yingxenye yomhlabathi, isimo eyodwa kancane kancane liphenduke sikahulumeni. Lokho kwashintsha isimo amandla nababusi. Manje kwakungekho isikhulu eyodwa zonke Russia - kwakukhona abaholi abaningi abathatha izinqumo ezivamile kulowo mhlangano.

Iziphathimandla Okubalulekile kwaba nomkhandlu boyar. Okuthile wayefana prototype wePhalamende. Ikakhulukazi ukubaluleka kwalokhu igunya lenyuka at the stage of kwehlukana. Ezinsukwini eyodwa izixazululo boyar umkhandlu babesekela.

Izikhulu Kievan Rus (Ithebula): izici yentuthuko zezombusazwe isimo:

umbusi	Izici
Rurik	ekubeni
Oleg, Igor	Ubunye iNyakatho neNingizimu zaseRussia, kabusha kuqala yokubusa kwamakhosi phakathi ifomu retinue
Regency Olga	inqubomgomo zenkolo Akuphumelelanga, ukuzama ukuletha isimo enkundleni ngamazwe
Svyatoslav	izindawo Inwebisa, isibonelo retinue yokubusa kwamakhosi
UVladimir, Yaroslav	Yinye kwamandla wombusi
izindlalifa Yaroslav	Ukuvela lapho sebebuswa inkosi yombuso

ekumeni bezombangazwe izikhulu Kievan Rus asivumela elichaza izici wokubusa ngamunye. inkazimulo Military namandla Oleg futhi Svyatoslav lapho besanda kuqala yentuthuko, zezombusazwe kanye kabusha Vladimir futhi Yaroslav sokuthuthwa kwempahla, ukuxabana - konke lokhu umlando, odinga ukukwazi wonke umuntu. Russia sokugcwaliseka kwaso wathatha izigaba classical - ekwakhekeni, izimbali, ukwehla.