Palestine sidilizwa: umlando, amasiko kanye namasiko. IFenike yasendulo futhi Palestine

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukunqoba izizwe YamaJuda ngasekupheleni ngenkulungwane yesibili BC nokuthola umlando obhaliwe Palestine lasendulo kwaba indawo lapho izimpawu wokuhlala ezatholakala eminyakeni ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisithupha BC. Ngesisekelo izingcezwana ezitholakele izinhlaka zamathambo, amathuluzi eyenziwe insengetsha, izakhi bokwakha, nemingcwabo, ososayensi bathola ukuthi ukuzingela ebuthana esifundeni waqala iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-0,6 edlule, futhi kamuva elandelwa ukukhiqizwa amathuluzi ezenziwe ngamatshe, oqoshiwe. Kamuva, abantu yalesi sifunda ziye kahle inqubo izinto zokukhiqiza by ukugawulwa futhi igawula ishq, kancane anda umkhiqizo zomsebenzi ngalezo zinsuku.

Kusukela ukuzingela nokubuthanela impilo yasedolobheni

Umlando Palestine sidilizwa phambi iskripthi ahlukane, ngokuvamile zibe izigaba ezintathu. Eyokuqala, eyathatha abafika kwabangu-10 yeminyaka BC, ubonisa ukuthi abantu bakule ndawo babekhuthele ikakhulu ahileleke ukuhlangana nokuzingela. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka 10 000 - iminyaka 5300 BC, abakhileyo kakhulu yamazwe asePalestina yingcweti ezolimo, kamuva - wathuthela amadolobha inkathi, okwakubekelwa libhekene ukuvela ukuhweba, zokuhlala unomphela, ukuvikela elalisafufusa ibutho. Ukurekhoda umcimbi mlando waqala lapha angaba yizinkulungwane 2. BC.

Palestine sidilizwa Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi insimu yalo iminyaka namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili ngaphambi kokuba uKristu afike, kunjengokungathi "kuphela" Kwakukhona emzini waseJeriko. Lona omunye lamadolobha amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, elise 260 amamitha ogwini lolwandle (indawo ephansi). Izifiki yakhe yokuqala babengenazo zobumba, kodwa zazikwazi ukuhlakulela ezweni futhi yakhelwe izindonga zomuzi zamatshe anolaka, ababephila ngesikhathi esifanayo ezindlini adobe. Natufiytsy (njengoba bebizwa ososayensi) uvele ngenxa ukuxuba futhi Negro-Australoids Europeoids. Babehlala eJeriko ku BC 8-9 yeminyaka. Ngemva kwabo, endaweni elalihlala abameleli tahunian - izizwe, kakade ngumnikazi zobumba. Lolu hlobo inhlokodolobha Palestine wasendulo ngokuphindaphindiwe yacekelwa phansi, kuhlanganise ngomyalo uJoshuwa ekuseni ngekhulu le-12 BC.

amadolobha asePalestina olungeke maphakathi impucuko olulodwa endulo

Ekupheleni kwenyanga yesine yeminyaka BC ePalestina yaqala ukubonakala encane edolobheni-state, ngempela elichumayo ngenxa yokuthi kule ndawo kukhona imizila yezohwebo eziningi, ukuxhumanisa-Europe, Asia nase-Afrika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi asePalestina umhlaba ngokwabo banganikeza imikhiqizo bayindlala. Lawa kwakungamadodana usawoti kanye ibitume kusukela oLwandle Olufile, olwalubizwa antimony kusukela Levant, balms bevela eGalile, nethusi oluluhlaza wavela eSinayi, iminqumo, iwayini, imfuyo kanye nokukhiqiza izitshalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, Palestine lasendulo yasungulwa ngo ubudlelwano ukuhweba phakathi izifunda, kodwa akazange abe maphakathi impucuko, ngokungafani Egypt, Syria kanye osenyakatho yeMesophothamiya, lapho kwakukhona cishe umbuso. Kulezi zindawo asePalestina ukuthi kakade zaziyizindawo, efana imizi ephakathi eYurophu, kodwa ngokungafani Egypt, kwakungekho lulimi olulodwa ezibhaliwe futhi inkosi esikhundleni eqinile owayenganikela hlanganani ziyizinto ezihlukile zokuphatha ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe.

Yiziphi imizi ngaleso sikhathi possessed Palestine? Endulo, ukuthatha ukuvulwa ososayensi ngesikhathi kumbiwa ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, kwaba ngempela eziphambili ngesikhathi sawo. Ikakhulukazi, ngisho Neolithic Ashikeloni inombolo okungakaze kubonwe amathambo isilwane atholakele, okubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi indawo ezinkulu Slaughterhouse lasendulo, lapho kukhiqizwa inyama afafazwe ngosawoti wasoLwandle Olufile nosawoti. Indawo ephelele ezitholakala kule ungqimba kwamasiko 16 m obukhulu. Nge isifundo sakhe wathola ukuthi ngokusebenzisa le edolobheni uya ngendlela Kusukela Ekukhululweni EGibhithe Kuya lamaHeti, kamuva eRoma naseGrisi, endleleni umbuso Parthian eGibhithe. Eceleni le ndawo enkulu sekukhona "indlela impepho" Arabhiya futhi "indlela zamakha" we Nabataeans e uPetra no ngokusebenzisa Eilat iemenskie nezimbobo we-Indian Ocean. Akumangalisi ukuthi lo muzi wafuna uthwebule bonke abeza emazweni asePalestina.

Settlement ePalestina yayisiboshwe kaningi okukhulunywa ngabo eBhayibhelini

Yini nemizana wayesalokhu eyaziwa ababephila Palestine lasendulo? Isifundo 5 grade esikoleni, ungase ufune ukwelekelela ulwazi nemizana ezifana Gaza futhi i-Ashidodi. Gaza ingenye kakhulu imizi yasendulo emhlabeni , Ingxenye umFilisti Pentapolis (eyasungulwa ngo ayizinkulungwane 3 BC.) - nemizana ezinhlanu, uhlalwe amaFilisti, ekuqaleni ababa kuphela eMpumalanga Ephakathi yensimbi ephethwe sokuncibilikisa ubuchwepheshe kanye, kuye kwaba nezimpi yimpumelelo. IBhayibheli likhuluma Gaza izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka amabili. Umuzi wasendulo wase-Palestine, i-Ashidodi, waba ezinabantu abaningi ngisho BC 10 leminyaka. Izakhiwo zokuqala kule sayithi basonta ekhulwini lesikhombisa BC, futhi kukhulunywa okokuqala ebhaliwe - ekhulwini le-14 BC. Ashidodi bekulokhu ukuhweba zokuhlala ezinkulu, nakho wathatha amaKhanani, amaFilisti, abase-Asiriya, abaseGibhithe, nabanye.

An umqondo ezithakazelisayo izimbangela ukufuduka in emazweni yasePalestina e-. BC ayizinkulungwane 2. e.

Ancient Palestine (5 ekilasini esikoleni akunakwenzeka ukuba bajwayelane imibono enjalo) kusukela enkulungwaneni yesithathu BC yayivame abalulekile wezifiki notshwala. Abanye ososayensi yesayensi (Zecharia Sitchin, ikakhulukazi) ucabanga ukuthi yokufuduka izizwe, kusukela ogwadule entshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa ukufana kwezikhali zenuzi 2048 BC endaweni laseSinayi nhlonhlo ezinye empucukweni ephambili ngaphezulu. Lokhu kwabangela emisebeni ukungcoliswa sezwe futhi igagasi elikhulu kufuduka (iminonjana oshiywe umthelela okungenzeka olusempumalanga zidlule iNhlonhlo YaseSinayi njengoba sintered ngamazinga aphakeme okushisa amatshe). Ikakhulukazi, ezweni asePalestina weza izizwe eziningi Hyksos (mhlawumbe kwaba inhlangano amalekitov, hannaneev, huritov nezinye izizwe ayimizulane), njengoba ayephethe inqola namabutho lula yanqoba iGibithe futhi Palestine, okuyinto ngalezo zinsuku abazange babe amabutho abakhwele amahhashi.

Izinto ezingekho eyinqaba ngenkathi indlu futhi engeli amabili

Qaphela ukuthi nezakudala isiko asePalestina wasendulo ocebile izimfihlakalo bemivubukulo. Ikakhulukazi, ososayensi bathole ezingqimbeni okuqondene Paleolithic Ephakathi, blade, ezahlukene kakhulu matemu kusuka umzimba omkhulu zokubethwa ephethwe abantu emhumeni endaweni yakithi. Indlela befika futhi kungani ngokushesha wanyamalala kwegazi, ke kuseyimpicabadala kube yilolu suku. Ukutadisha Kwahlelwa kanjani sidilizwa Palestine (5 ekilasini esikoleni), kungenzeka ukuba adonsele ukunakekela abafundi 'kanjani nemizana yasendulo yayakhiwa endaweni. Kube kwaqale Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba ekhaya (nomunye odongeni lwalugobile, okuyinto wayephikisa odongeni nge emakhoneni amabili). Ezingosini zezingxoxo eziningana izakhiwo uhlalwe abantu, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokuhlanganyela izinkomo amasheya ukudla.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka kamuva ocebile wakhela esinezitezi ezimbili izakhiwo elingunxande, lapho abanikazi baphile esitezi sesibili kanye emhlabathini abangu elachitheka, agcine, igumbi. izindlu Private emizini ngokwabo Bezingekho - iningi osedolobheni kuhlala ezivikelweni, ezakhiweni zomphakathi, ezifana namasonto, ezitaladini ayemancane emlonyeni. Lapha owakhiwe ikakhulu izingcweti, ukuhlonipheka, amasosha, abathengisi ngesikhathi abalimi wahlala ngaphandle kwezindonga zomuzi, e Selishche.

amathempeli abo zazifana LaseMesophothamiya

Ukuba khona e imizana (YaseMegido, Gai, neBeti Dzheharov, lwaseBeti Shani) izakhiwo ezinkulu izinsalela, sifinyelela amashumi amamitha ubude, izinsika, emagcekeni, ngokuvamile beqhutshwa ngokusebenzisa "empumalanga kuya entshonalanga,", bavunyelwe ukuvuma izazi eziningana ukuthi nebantfu basePalestine e endulo babekhulekela onkulunkulu (amathempeli efana emathempelini yaseMesophothamiya kuBali kaDagoni e isakhiwo). Kodwa imivubukulo kula madolobha asitholanga ama-altare tintfo letifanako kanye netintfo izinto zenkolo. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi lezi "amathempeli" zazimane izinqolobane. Palestine basendulo ababeye babhekana nakho ezinsukwini zakuqala we ayehlasela abantu abashiya nokuncane e isiko laso ngesimo zobumba ethize (seroloschenoy) futhi bear (ayiboniswa lapho) itshe nasekwenzeni pestle, nabantu abasha cishe akazange asebenzise amathuluzi ezenziwe amathambo noma Flint . Wathonywa isiko yalesi sifunda futhi umakhelwane onamandla - eGibhithe, lapho, mhlawumbe, kwavela "imfashini" ezitsheni zobumba obomvu ngepeni, ku ohlangeni emincane.

EPalestina lasendulo yayingesinye umfanekiso wefonti

Umbuso lasendulo ePalestina elotshiwe mayelana ngenkulungwane yesibili BC lokuqala yayo, futhi incwadi lisetshenzisiwe olungokomfanekiso. Inani lezinhlamvu esetshenziswa kuhlanganisiwe nokuma okuhlukahlukene weJiyomethri, isib, esiphambanweni isithombe somuntu e zibhekise ezahlukene. Ngokuvamile uphawu senziwa izitsha ezokuthutha izimpahla. Kodwa nakwezinye izizwe wabhala ngalokhu esifundeni okuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Egypt, ekhulwini amabili nane BC uvele uphawu lokuqala imikhankaso yezempi ngo leSiriya no-Palestina esifundeni (eholwa umkhuzi Ngezansi). Ngo imithombo hannaneyskih, le ndawo yayibizwa ngokuthi, ngokulandelana, laseKhanani. Mayelana Palestine (Syria Palestine) wabhala ezincwadini zakhe uHerodotus, futhi yebo, kule ndawo okukhulunywa ngayo ngokuphindaphindiwe emiBhalweni imibhalo yenkolo, kuhlanganise neBhayibheli.

Kusukela phakathi nenkulungwane yesibili BC, ngokwengxenye iFenike yasendulo futhi Palestine (cishe ngokuphelele), uhlalwe waseKhanani (kuhlanganise amaFilisti) nezizwana amonitskie, wayekade kuncike ukuhlaselwa yi Kubantu abayimizulane Habiru (Ibra, okhokho asendulo), okwathi zabo zonke kancane kancane balufunda sedentary. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona lapho babhekane nezinga elikhulu ekilasini eziyocebisa namalungu enamandla umphakathi isimangalo ukuba abaholi abaqala wathola nemiphakathi emincane tribal ngokumelene okwenza yethonya isiphela le mibuso we emakhulwini eminyaka adlule ngesisekelo nekutfutfukisa kuntjintjiselana commercial nezimpi njalo (Egypt). Amakhanda yalokhu kuhlangana waqala ukuhlanganisa insimu elibazungezile. Ngakho, kulezi zindawo kwakukhona umbuso yenkosi yakwa-Israyeli uSawulu, kamuva owaba united kingdom akwa-Israyeli nakwaJuda (nangaphansi kwamakhosi uDavide noSolomoni). It isihlakazeka ngemva kokufa kukaSolomoni, futhi kancane unqotshwe inkosi yase-Asiriya uSarigoni II.

Kule ndawo, akukho ukuphumula Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka

Umlando Palestine Lasendulo kulenyakankulungwane ezayo ehlangene izibhelu njalo izithakazelo ezahlukene, amasiko, izizwe nezizwe ezikhona kuze kube yilolu suku, ngaphandle kokwengeza nokuthula esifundeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva Asiriya udedele ngasekupheleni ngekhulu lesikhombisa BC. e. AmaJuda wazama ukubuyela Palestine, kodwa kunalokho kwavele kamuva ehlaselwa iNkosi uNebukhadinezari ngokuthokoza ukuphangwa inhloko-dolobha yabo nokunye. With labantu kulawo mazwe baye ezebiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe basekuthunjweni (eBhabhiloni, eGibhithe), kodwa emumva khona.

Umehluko phakathi Palestine neyaseFenike

IFenike yasendulo futhi Palestine, naphezu kokwakheka efanayo abahlala bezizwe zabo futhi ukusondela, babe ezinye izici endaweni ngayinye. Ngokwesibonelo, iFenike angakaze endaweni enkulu okulinywayo kuyo, kodwa waba enkulu ukuhweba ethekwini edolobheni, lapho eside ithuthukiswe seamanship (amasosha nezakhamuzi). amatilosi Excellent, abaseFenike, ezidayisa izinto eziya eGibhithe, njalo ewela ngaphansi kwejoka yombuso wasendulo (phakathi enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC, isibonelo). Kamuva athuthukile ukuhweba nge eKrethe, eyayintula ngaleso sikhathi kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela zethusi ngobukhulu.

WaseFenike lizisho ekhiqizwa ezomisiwe iwayini, noma amafutha, babengabafundi bokuqala ukusebenzisa izinceku ababegwedla isikebhe e emikhunjini. It wayevela endaweni ngezinhlamvu ngokubhala uhlelo olusekelwe yokubhala yamaGibhithe, okwakunginika ukuqala kamuva zamagama ngesiGreki. indawo waseFenike ngekhulu le-12 BC wakwazi ukuzimela eGibhithe futhi lakhiwa ngendlela yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni nezinye izindawo. Brave izakhamuzi eziningi zakuleli dolobha waya ukuhamba olwandle futhi wasungula idolobha, isibonelo, eCarthage, yokuhlukaniselana Malta futhi Sardinia.

ZeBhayibheli eziningi ezitholakala izimbiza endulo

On indawo yakwa-Israyeli, amaJuda Palestine axhunyaniswa nezikhonzi waseBhayibhelini, okwakunginika emhlabeni inkolo entsha - ubuKristu. Futhi ogwini loLwandle Olufile, nasezindaweni ezizungeze Wadi waseQumran imiqulu yasendulo waseQumran emihumeni Palestine atholakele. Le mibhalo, okuyizinto yesandla emidala kunayo yonke eBhayibhelini emhlabeni, uphawu izimbiza, ngephutha wathola umalusi. Njengoba le miqulu isikhumba lalingelihle ukuba kuhlalwe ukukhiqizwa lezimbadada, umalusi wazo igcinwe isikhashana etendeni lakhe ayimizulane, bese azithengwa pittance eBetlehema 1947. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi le mibhalo yesandla eliyigugu isiko wezwe owawakhiwe umphakathi benkolo Essene ku BC ekhulwini lokuqala. Bahlanganisa cishe zonke izincwadi Old Testament, futhi eziningi nemibhalo eyesekayo.