Izimbangela zenkohlakalo. umthetho inkohlakalo Russian

ERussia, inqubomgomo elwisana nenkohlakalo esebenzayo seyenziwe eminyakeni yamuva. Yiziphi nenqubo ye ukusebenza yayo? Yiziphi imithombo zomthetho yokutholwa Russian Federation enombono inkhohlakalo? Njengoba abacwaningi yesimanje ukuqonda, eqinisweni, ubunjalo lesi simanga?

Kuyini inkohlakalo?

Inkohlakalo, ngokuvumelana definition ezivamile, into yomphakathi, okubonisa izenzo izikhulu kanye nabanye abantu nelungelo kohlaka onobuhle indinganiso ezingeni kwemithetho, izimiso zemboni futhi izisekelo zomphakathi, njengoba umthetho, owabangela umonakalo impahla esimweni, izinkampani kanye nomphakathi. ngaleyo ndlela Umqondo nenkohlakalo, has a imvelo ogxile kwezomnotho. Umuntu ofeza izenzo uhlobo okukhulunywa ngokuvamile nesithakazelo nzuzo yezinto ezibonakalayo.

incazelo ngamazwe

Ngokwe-definition ezamukelwe ngu Inhlangano I-Transparency International, ogama imisebenzi bagxile esifundweni zenkohlakalo imihlola, kubhekwe umsebenzi siqondwa njengenhlangano kabi insiza ethembekayo - ngokuvamile enamandla, izithakazelo yangasese. Kuvele ekwakhiweni ezithakazelisayo iqukethe Russian uMthetho Federal "Ngo Ukulwisana Inkohlakalo". Lithi lomkhuba okukhulunywa - iwukusebenzisa kabi isikhundla negunya, ukufumbathisa, ukufumbathisa kwezohwebo kanye nezinye okuhlukile ukusetshenziswa ngokungemthetho isakhamuzi yesikhundla sakhe esemthethweni akuhambisani nentando umphakathi kanye neziphathimandla ukuze sizuze. Umthetho ngenkohlakalo, Ngakho ngandlela-thile yandisa incazelo yaleli gama inguqulo TI sika, kuqhakambisa ngayo yokuthi uhlobo ezifanele isenzo esingekho emthethweni kungaba kwenziwe hhayi amandla kuphela, kodwa futhi ibhizinisi.

Kubukeka definition ezahlukene inkohlakalo ezamukelwe ngu-UN, kuba isitatimende sasivumela jikelele. Ngokusho kwamaphepha ka-UN, inkohlakalo siqondwa njengoba enzeka ukuthi unesikhathi imvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo, amasiko nezomnotho, esihlupha bonke amazwe. Abanye ochwepheshe aveze ukuthi ngisho okuqukethwe UN Convention ngokumelene Inkohlakalo, incazelo eqondile lomkhuba akuyona. Nakuba, ngokusho kwabanye abahlaziyi, kukhona logic ezithile - ubunjalo kanye izimbangela zenkohlakalo uyazishintshashintsha kangangokuthi ngisho ezingeni omunye izinhlangano ngobukhulu international akwenzi mqondo ukubheka incazelo evamile lomkhuba. Kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni lapho kungenzeka izibonelo evumela ulichaze ngaphakathi kohlaka imiqondo ukuthi kungaba ngempela ezingafani nalezo yokutholwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izazi zikholelwa, nekucondza ngalokufanako izinkinga emhlabeni umphakathi, ukubukeka elibangela inkohlakalo ngamazwe bangase inkimbinkimbi. Futhi zonke ngoba azikho imihlahlandlela yokuthola ezivamile indlela ekwelapheni lesi simanga.

inkohlakalo Imvelo

Njengoba sesifunde umqondo zenkohlakalo, sihlola umbono izimbangela zalesi simo, okuyinto ingatholakala imvelo ucwaningo. Kukhona, isibonelo, uhlobo ithiyori kwezomnotho. Phakathi kwalabo - mqondo mayelana ukuhlanganisa inzuzo kanye nezindleko ngenxa ezinye umsebenzi. Kulokhu - inkohlakalo. Umuntu umthombo othile, zokuphatha, isibonelo, unquma ukuba benze izenzo ezingekho emthethweni, wazi ukuthi kunobungozi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo siqaphela ukuthi inzuzo kufanele babo kungenzeka ukuvala leso sikhala. Uma, esikhundleni salokho, isakhamuzi akusho afeze noma yiziphi izenzo zenkohlakalo, futhi kuzoqhubeka kwimodi ejwayelekile ukwenza umsebenzi, izintandokazi kanye nezinga ukwaneliseka umsebenzi walo kuyoba aphansi ukwedlula izinhlawulo ngisho izindleko abangene kuzona ngaphansi simo sokuqala.

Izimbangela zenkohlakalo, abanye abacwaningi abathi ngokwezinga tiphindze ezihlobene nemfundiso yokuziphendukela ekwakhekeni imodeli zokuziphatha, ogxile isici yokuthola izintandokazi ngezithukuthuku iqashwe. Kusho ukuthini? Iqiniso lokuthi lapho kukhishwa imisebenzi yayo umuntu, ukhuluma kuqhathaniswa, ehhovisi zokuphatha, uyazi ukuthi ezandleni zakhe kuyinto elingenazinkinga ezimweni eziningi, okuye kwafinyelelwa ithuluzi nezinzuzo isizinda ngenxa isikhundla sakhe sabaprofethi. Lokhu isici, abahlaziyi bathi, ungabhekana i nenkohlakalo ngisho lishonile kunesikhumba ezimweni lokuqala imvelo kwezomnotho yezenzo emthethweni. Njengoba izingozi kakhulu womuntu ongakhetha ihlezi "iqashwe" lizama izingozi elincane. Ngokwesibonelo, izidumbu inkohlakalo noWangaphakathi ochwepheshe bakholelwa kungenziwa kakhulu alichaza yaleli thonya isici.

Kukhona mqondo wokuthi ichaza lo mkhuba ngaphansi cwaningo ngokuya isimo esibucayi, izikhungo ezinkulu kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo isimo. Izimbangela zenkohlakalo kuholele umsebenzi iyasilela iziphathimandla futhi ibhizinisi. Okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, isakhamuzi kuba lula ukuze uxazulule inkinga ethile (bavumelane idokhumenti, oda umkhiqizo noma isevisi), ngokudlula izindlela esungulwe livikeleke imithetho noma izivumelwano imikhakha ekhona esifundazweni. Ngesikhathi olusemthethweni efanayo noma umsebenzi kule nkampani, obhekene izinqubo idokhumenti ukwamukelwa, ukukhishwa komkhiqizo noma amasevisi, akuvamile evuma lula ikheli lolungakahleleki udaba mahhala. Futhi ngoba, ngandlela-thile, iba violator imithetho neziqondiso, bese lokho kulimaza hulumende, temabhizimisi nabo emphakathini.

Isizathu inkohlakalo Russia

Ngokusho ucwaningo yizinto ezifanayo-Transparency International, ezweni lethu ezingeni umphakathi ozibheka ngayo lesi simo sisalokhu siphakeme. tikhundla RF yokulinganisela abafanele, enziwa yinhlangano ngezansi izindawo wokuhamba. Kufanele kuqashelwe - ngokuphathelene ukuhlanganisa kanjani nenkohlakalo zamukele umphakathi futhi yini ezingeni walo wangempela eRussia, ochwepheshe ziye ngenkuthalo ezeni. Okungukuthi, kungase kubonakale ngakho ukuthi uma ushintsho kungenzeka indlela ekuhloleni izilinganiso Russian Federation ngeke sibe nethemba kakhudlwana. Kodwa ambalwa phikisana yokuthi, ngenxa yalokho, ukonakala isasekhona eRussia, njengoba kunoma yiliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni. Ngisho nangalezo ezisesandleni ukuhola rankings, ihlanganiswe ngu TI nezinye izinhlangano.

Ziyini izimbangela zenkohlakalo eRussia? Abanye abahlaziyi njengabaphansi osebenzayo, womathathu lizwakalise ngenhla mqondo ukuba sichaze uhlobo zalesi simo, futhi ezweni lethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zithi, kunezinye izimbangela zenkohlakalo eRussia - ikakhulukazi uhlamvu kazwelonke. Ake sihlole kubo.

Ngokusho kwelinye izinguqulo ezivame kakhulu izimbangela zenkohlakalo ezweni lethu itholakala emasikweni yokutholwa umphakathi, kanye logic of the kwezombusazwe nasentuthukweni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kuleli zwe.

Iqiniso lokuthi, ngokomlando, Russia - Izwe lapho isikhungo komthetho ngesimo lapho bamukela emazweni aseNtshonalanga isikhathi eside akuyona ziqondakala izakhamuzi. abantu Russian ayethanda ukuhlala kuyo ubulungisa, engaqondi ngokuvumelana nemithetho ebhaliwe. In an icala ngokwedlulele - inkantolo uvumile. Kodwa kwakungekho ephepheni ezimise njengoba izinhlamvu imithetho. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, abacwaningi wathi, lokhu kufakwa umphakathi eziningana soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka. Obalulekile isimo kokungenela emphilweni emphakathini kanye nakwezomnotho kwaholela ukushicilelwa inqwaba yemithetho zokulawula, iziqondiso, wandisa lomthetho. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu baseSoviet ucishe zijwayele ukuphila konke okufanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ngenxa igunya party, kusekelwa ukusebenza kwezomnotho kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu, enendawo eqinile enkundleni ngamazwe, izakhamuzi zaseSoviet ayethanda hhayi nokwephula imithetho ebekwe isimo. Ngenxa ezingeni lenkhohlakalo eSoviet Union, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi abaningi, kwaba ongaphakeme. Lolu hlobo mkhuba, yebo, lapho babe (okungenani ezingeni emnothweni shadow), lapho imithombo okuthile kwezinto ezibonakalayo labelwe ngaphandle iziteshi uhulumeni, owukuphela ngokusemthethweni eyamukelekayo. Kodwa isimo letindzala yenkinga zenkohlakalo eSoviet Union, ibhekwa abahlaziyi abaningi asinayo. Nokho, kukhona inguqulo ukuthi kubusa amaSoviet neziphathimandla azikakwazi ngokugcwele ukuthatha nokulawulwa komnotho. ibhizinisi Private, ochwepheshe bathi, kufanele uvumele - ngisho ngendlela kakhulu elula. Lokhu kuzokwenza lithathelwe ethambile okuningi lwezigaba izakhamuzi eziningi ezingokoqobo esisha, okwenzeka phakathi neminyaka yokwakha kabusha.

Lapho elaseSoviet Union Ufake isigaba crisis yentuthuko, linqume ukuhlakaza ukuhlonza ukulungiswa, igunya isimo kanye party waqala kancane kancane ukunqaba. Futhi udlale indima isici kwezomnotho - amazinga abantu eziphilayo zawela phansi. Isici inqubomgomo - yasekhaya, international - kakhulu zibekwe izikhundla isimo. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu baqala ukubuyela "zendabuko" bezibona ezombusazwe, izinqubo kwezenhlalo, ibhizinisi - iyona ezifanele - uma kumelwe senze ku ephepheni.

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu inkohlakalo Russia - ngakho abukhali, sihambisane unpreparedness umphakathi futhi ngokwezinga elikhulu yezombangazwe amandla ashintsha kusuka imodeli eyodwa kuya kwenye isimo, kanye amanye amasiko zomlando. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa, izazi zikholelwa ivame ukwandisa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe lapho kukhona ushintsho okuhambisanayo. Bypasses inkohlakalo party, abahlaziyi bathi, njengoba amazwe athuthukile, eziningi zazo manje zithola credit inkinga nemvelo zezimali, ukuze ecabanga kubukezwe imiqondo samanje ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, futhi ngaleyo ndlela - futhi bangaphansi yezokuthutha. Nokho, e-Russia, njengoba sazi, kushintshile hhayi kuphela kwezomnotho kodwa isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. Umphumela uba ukuthi umehluko phakathi uhlelo lokuphatha nokuthuthukisa izindawo umqondo kungaphezu emazweni aseNtshonalanga, futhi Dynamics ukukhula zenkohlakalo (ngenxa) - ngenhla.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza inkanuko inkohlakalo

Ochwepheshe ukukhomba izici, okuyinto ngezinga elingakanani ukugxambukela ukuqaliswa elwisana nenkohlakalo izinyathelo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthinte okubi kakhulu izimpikiswano ezifanele. Lokhu, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukungalingani izithakazelo kahulumeni namabhizinisi ngokuya izimboni ze-non-extractive. kwezimo ezinzima zokwenza ibhizinisi: ezingeni lelisetulu kokungenela isimo, ukufinyelela nzima credits - neqhaza yokuthi ibhizinisi wayebheke lotifunako ngenxa izenzo zenkohlakalo.

Enye inkinga - ukuntuleka ecacile, ngokuvumelana abanye abahlaziyi, isithakazelo isimo kuya "isiko" efanayo eziyizici abaseRussia ngokomlando, itsetfwe isiko lomthetho okusezingeni eliphezulu. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi umphakathi awukwazi njalo sithathe izindlela ukuxhumana neziphathimandla, ehlukile ukuthi kuyizinto izindawo eziningi yentuthuko setepolitiki, nezomnotho kuleli zwe lanamuhla.

Nokho, kowezi-2000, isimo setepolitiki, kwezomnotho eRussia uhlaliseke. Ngokuya izinga lempilo, asebenzayo in the kwezepolitiki eRussia ngokuyinhloko baphinde isikhundla izuzwe eSoviet Union. Nokho, inkinga inkohlakalo Russia wahlala. Lokhu kungenxa, abacwaningi bakholelwa, kuya incompleteness we zokuthutha umphakathi egcwele kwezomnotho - inguquko waseRussia kusuka imodeli sezenhlalo yentuthuko a kakhulu zama-Capitalist. Isikhathi esiningi, abahlaziyi bathi - ku isici izinga imithetho kanye ukusebenza kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. izimiso Soviet zokubusa zezombusazwe futhi ubhaliswe ngokomthetho izinhlobo ezahlukene ubudlelwano akusebenzi. Imithetho emkhakheni ibhizinisi kanye nhlobo yasungulwa cishe kusuka ekuqaleni - of izinkampani ezizimele eSoviet Union kwakungelona amashumi eminyaka. Ngenxa yalokho - umphakathi, hulumende, temabhizimisi kwezinye izindawo basungula ngokwenza amaphutha, side effect okwakunzima ukonakala.

Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, njengoba ezinye izazi zikholelwa, isimo siqala ukuba ngcono. Ithuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi ngohlaka lomthetho, izinguquko eziningi zikahulumeni. Cabanga isici zomthetho ngokuningiliziwe. Inkinga zenkohlakalo, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, ezweni namuhla elibizwa eRussia ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa ngenxa crisis eside ezikhungweni zokulawula ukhiye.

imithetho emelene nenkohlakalo Russian

Ngutiphi tintfo letingase kungaba ilungelo unake? Esinye salezo kakade siye eshiwo ngenhla - kuyinto uMthetho Federal Lenkohlakalo. Kodwa akuyena isenzo zomthetho kuphela futhi umthombo ukuqaliswa efanele izinkomba Inqubomgomo-aspect yenhlangano. Ngaphambi kwakukhona ephelele RF Law ngenkohlakalo, iziphathimandla isu likazwelonke ukuze baqede lo mkhuba enixoxa ngalo. Omunye umthombo obalulekile - uhlelo kazwelonke 2014-2015 siphinde sihlinzekele nezinhlelo ezihlanganisa umsebenzi zikahulumeni bebheke abo ekulwa nebugebengu. Sizofunda ukuthi iphetheni izenzo zomthetho ekhethiwe.

Anti-Corruption kanye noMthetho

Ngokomlando, umthombo wokuqala kakhulu - uMthetho Lenkohlakalo, bamukela 25.12.2008 He kubhekwa izenzo eliyisisekelo normative we Russian Federation ngayo, okubekela obala imigomo okuhloswe ngazo ekulweni lomkhuba akhuluma ngayo, kanye ngesisekelo yenhlangano izinyathelo zokuvimbela ngokumelene nalo. Futhi umthetho wenkohlakalo kuhlanganisa amalungiselelo okuhloswe ngaso nokuqedwa nangemiphumela engaba khona inhlobo efanele amacala.

Inkhohlakalo e kwesu likazwelonke

Esinye isinyathelo esingokomthetho ezibalulekile - I weNational Anti-Corruption Strategy. Ngokuya isimo, ke lesi simemezelo uMongameli we Russian Federation. Sasayinwa le dokhumenti 13.04.2010 lommeli ukuthi lubonakala njengosuku ngokuya Uhlelo umthombo, ogama okubekwe ngayo okuhloswe ngalo ukuqeda le izici eziyinhloko yakha isendlalelo sokobana ukuvela nenkohlakalo kuleli lizwe. Kulindeleke ukuthi izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Su Likazwelonke uzobe nekuchazwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokusekelwe ezingokoqobo umgomo setepolitiki, kwezomnotho. Leli phepha Inqubomgomo ibonisa izici ekulweni nenkohlakalo kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni - federal, lesifunda kanye kamasipala.

Inkhohlakalo kohlaka plan kazwelonke

Liyanezela umthetho wenkohlakalo, kanye okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla Umculu wenchubomgomo Lukazwelonke isiqondiso okuhambisanayo. Yena yatholwa 11.04.2014, le Lokhu - yezimbangela entsha ye eminingi elwa. Uhlelo National, kanye namasu, has isimo Isinqumo kaMongameli.

Abameli bamchaza njengomuntu umthombo, ababiziweyo ithuluzi eliphumelelayo ekusebenziseni isu of the gama elifanayo. Kulindeleke ukuthi le dokhumenti ngeke bahlanganise uhlu lwezenzo okuhloswe ngaso inkhohlakalo, ukukhomba abacacisiwe obhekene nokusetshenziswa yabo, kanye nezindlela of ukusebenza nokusebenzisa imisebenzi eyenziwa nge ilitshe ezifanele.

inqubomgomo enqabela inkohlakalo eRussia: kahle nenqubo

Sisebenza kahle kangakanani wamanje Inqubomgomo elwisana nenkohlakalo bezingelwa iziphathimandla zaseRussia? imicabango yabantu Ochwepheshe 'ngalolu daba iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Kukhona labo abakholelwa ukuthi izici nje zomthetho inqubomgomo esesidlangalaleni akwanele. Ngisho noma umthetho uhlobo sihloko ngenkohlakalo kanye enikeziwe ngezinga elithile umthwalo - Eqinisweni, izazi zikholelwa ngokungaqondile kakhulu kuthinta izimbangela letindzala lomkhuba.

Kuyadingeka bezikhandla hhayi kuphela kule nomthetho, kodwa futhi banake imfundo kwakuhilela ukwamukela izindinganiso ezintsha emphakathini, futhi, akukho kancane kakhulu, ukuqeqeshwa ukuphathwa, okuyiwona izenzo zenkohlakalo ngeke ahlonishwe. Ngakho, esilinganisweni izivimbelo yezenzo emthethweni akufanele kuphela kufanele kuhlinzekwe emithethweni inkohlakalo, kodwa futhi ukuziphatha komphakathi ukuthi ukhuthaze abanye izakhamuzi ukuba basebenzisane Bakwethu, iziphathimandla nosomabhizinisi kohlaka umthetho.

Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi, futhi usomabhizinisi. Izinkampani zangasese zihlanganisa amaphesenti amakhulu abaqashi baseRussia, okusho ukuthi bawuthonya kakhulu umphakathi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zangaphakathi zenkampani. Inkohlakalo yezomnotho emafomu ajwayelekile kumabhizinisi anganciphisa kakhulu uma izinkampani ziqala ukuhlakulela phakathi kokubona kwabo abasebenzi ukuthi zenze ukuxazululwa kwezinkinga zokuxhumana emkhakheni wangasese, kanye nama-ejensi kahulumeni ngendlela engokomthetho. Ukuphumelela kwenqubomgomo yebhizinisi kule ndlela, ochwepheshe bayakholelwa, kuyoba nomthelela omuhle emithethweni ekhombisa ukuqonda kwenkohlakalo emphakathini wonke.