Izimiso komthetho futhi ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo: izici theory

Izimiso komthetho - nsuku eyisisekelo sokunquma izinkomba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa kwalo mthetho. Ngamagama esisebenzayo, zingabantu uhlobo kwebhuloho phakathi imithetho ezinyakazayo somphakathi kohlelo lomthetho, ezakhiwe yinkampani okuyinto. Yilokho ekugcineni izimiso ukuzivumelanisa uhlelo komthetho ukuba amaqiniso okuphila nomphakathi.

izimiso zomthetho zihlukaniswa emtsetfo lojwayelekile, imikhakha kanye imikhakha ekhona esifundazweni. Ngayinye yalezi amaqembu linezimiso abonisa okuqukethwe ilungelo kusezingeni elifanele. Ukuze ukukhathazeka zomthetho jikelele:

- umthetho, othi ubuqiniso jikelele yomthetho zonke ezinye Burrows ukulawulwa nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana;

- isimiso kusemthethweni, lokusho kutsi hulumende kufanele ngokucacile futhi luveze ukulinganiselwa kwakho, ukuqeda kungenzeka subjective kokuzalela umuntu wabo;

- ukulingana kwabo bonke phambi komthetho kusikisela ukuthi, naphezu isimo ezehlukene zezepolitiki, sezenhlalo nesezimali, kwezakhamizi kanye iziphathimandla isimo ngokwabo siyalingana phambi komthetho;

- isimiso kwesisekelo kusho ukuthi isimo ngokwayo eqala isibopho ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kodwa umuntu othatha umthwalo nemithetho jikelele esungulwe ngumthetho;

- isimiso wemfanelo phambi wecala ukuthi okubhekene ungakwazi kuphela angenele uma kunobufakazi ngokusebenzisa inqubo engokomthetho.

izimiso Interindustry libonise uxhumano ngekulandzelana nezingxoxo ezinenjongo phakathi amagatsha ahlukene komthetho noma ezivamile, ukuthi iqukethwe ezindaweni eziningana ezihlobene.

imihlahlandlela umkhakha zibonisa izici zendawo ethile okuqukethwe umthetho emkhakheni othize.

Njengoba kuboniswa okuhlangenwe nakho kokugcinwa komthetho, izithakazelo ibhalansi, isimo yakhoibrium, "kusho osemqoka" - lezi zimo ekahle, lapho izimiso kwelungelo ukunikeza ithuba efanayo ukuze bagcine izithakazelo yezihloko ingxenye yawo. izimiso Jikelele komthetho liyasho ukuthi yimuphi ukuphambuka iye uzwakalise libhekene kahle noma kabi. Ngeziphambeko kungenzeka sincike intando kokubili iqhaza futhi izizathu inhloso. A uhlobo "ukuphambuka" kusukela ekahle isimo zokuhlala zomthetho izenzo ukuhlukunyezwa kwelungelo, okuyinto incike ngokuphelele intando kukhona ehilelekile ubuhlobo mayelana nale ndaba, futhi lokhu usuke ephula izimiso eziyisisekelo umthetho ngokuphelele.

A incazelo nezwi imithetho, lesikwenta ukuhlukunyezwa umthetho, kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi lesishaya akuveli okungenani uhlu eyabonisa yiluphi uhlobo, kodwa kubonisa kuphela ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo kungathatha indawo "asebentisa tindlela letehlukene." Ngu uqobo, le ndlela usuke ephula izimiso komkhakha umthetho, ikakhulukazi, ezifana isimiso ukulingana kwabo bonke phambi komthetho.

I narrowness kuleli lungiselelo ngokunengqondo silindelwe ososayensi kanye enforcers mbuzo: ukuhlukunyezwa kwelungelo - ke Kuyicala noma cha?

Ngo isayensi yomthetho ayakhekanga iphuzu esinobunye umbono ngemvelo ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo, futhi impendulo yombuzo ophathelene nokuthi kusemthethweni ukuba kuthiwe yona amacala noma cha, uvuliwe. Lokhu akubonisi namalungelo anzulu, okuhlanganisa umthetho, umthetho, umthwalo mutual womuntu ngamunye kanye isimo, ukulingana, ukuba khona wecala. Kungekho ukuvumelana ngalolu daba futhi theory zomthetho.

abacwaningi Russian A. Sergeev noT Tereshchenko kubhekwe njengendlela uhlobo lokuhlukumeza kwelungelo ngokholo ezimbi lapho ixoxisana, kodwa esephule jikelele ithemba counterparty - uhlobo olukhethekile icala. Lo mbono ngokwethembeka ukuhlukunyezwa ziqu futhi isekela AV Izimpisi, ebhekisela indlela izimiso umthetho zibhekwa.

A isikhundla esifanayo Kunenkolelo futhi OA Imipheme, ziphatha kabi njengoba icala futhi ukukhomba izimo ezine ukuthi umvumele ukuba ufaneleke ngale ndlela:

- the emthethweni we isenzo;

- ukusungulwa umonakalo (umonakalo);

- ubuhlobo esiyimbangela isenzo ekhubazekile wavuthwa umonakalo;

- iwayini zingahlukumezi kumuntu ofanele.

abacwaningi eziningana uhlukanise ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo (Chicane), ngokuthi "uhlobo oluthile icala," Nokho, lapho, aluhileli isicelo wezinyathelo yemfanelo, kodwa sisivumela elichaza umphumela ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo njengoba nokwenqaba yinkantolo ukuvikela ilungelo. Abanye abagxeka ukuhlukunyezwa ilungelo njengoba ieala, bekholelwa ukuthi isenzo usebenzisa kabi amalungelo izifundo emkhakheni enikeziwe kuye ngomthetho ilungelo subjective. Omunye agumenti evikela lo mbono: uma kungekho ukuhlukunyezwa kwelungelo isibopho obucayi kuncike kunqatshelwe kuphela Ukuvikelwa zokwahlulela.

Kulokhu, uyaphika ezinjalo Ukuvikelwa zokwahlulela kubhekwa njengento isijeziso esisheshayo ukoniwa, kodwa imvume kuyaqondakala ngokombono ezivamile design umthetho: uma kukhona umbono, kusho ukuthini ukuba umuntu imvume, okuyinto ayihambisani okuqukethwe aqukethe izimiso komthetho. Kukhona impatho Lesisemkhatsini ukuhlukunyezwa umthetho akunakwenzeka kumelwe kuthiwe zibangelwa noma kuya icala noma ukuziphatha esisemthethweni.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso izindlela abahlukumeza njengoba icala, Okwamanje, kuvumela ukuhlola izinhlangothi zombili emihle nemibi ngayinye. Uma umthetho ngale kohlaka umthetho, umthetho olukhethekile icala inhlangano isicelo miphumela zomthetho uma umthetho okungaphezu kuyinsakavukela akuyona ezilungisiwe inkantolo oye wenza ngazo zenze ukuhlukunyezwa kwelungelo, ukukala zizosetshenziswa abaye kabi umthetho, kuyinto nokunqatshelwa zokwahlulela Ukuvikelwa.

Lokunye lokubaluleke kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi lokho kwehluleka - ke siwumphumela zomthetho kuphela kabi umthetho ekusunguleni leli qiniso. Cishe, lokhu kusho ukuthi imiphumela azisebenzi.