Uyini iphamfulethi? Izici uhlobo

Namuhla sikhuluma izwi "iphamfulethi". ukubaluleka kwalo uzobe wachaza ngokuningiliziwe ngemuva kwalokhu. Sikhuluma izinhlobonhlobo umsebenzi wobuciko kanye lesibonwa. Ngokuvamile sibhekiswe isimiso sezombusazwe wamanje noma amaqembu zayo ngazinye.

ngokucacile

Iphamfulethi - uhlobo ukuthi ngokuvamile ziqhathaniswa iqembu elithile kwezenhlalo, party, uhulumeni. Imisebenzi enjalo ngokuvamile adalule amalungu ngamanye ale umphakathi. Lelo pheshana kunenjongo obufanayo eqanjiwe, futhi umlobi wayo ezimweni eziningi hhayi okuningi ukuhluka umbhali. Imizamo yokuqala ukukhombisa sibalo womuntu oyedwa, kanti eyesibili sihlose ukuthuthukisa uhlamvu. Umnqopho negative ephawula lolu hlobo, uwubeke ohlangothini ukuphika, ukuchayeka, ihlaya, behlobene yakhe nezinhlobo satirical ezincwadi. Lapha butholakala zengxabano kanye bayabhuqwa.

reflection of ngokoqobo

Ukuqonda ngokuphelele ukuthi leli pheshana, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi wayebhekisele umuntu othile, futhi amaqiniso athile. It axoshwe icebo. Art isitayela umlobi imisebenzi enjalo kuyinto izici eziyinkimbinkimbi of uvuthondaba, kanye izinhlobo ezahlukene ihaba ngisho indida. Ngakho, ake nje zama ngokugcwele futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphakathi incazelo eyodwa ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, yini iphamfulethi. Sikhuluma a te kwezombusazwe, ikakhulukazi eqanjiwe izihloko, okuyinto eduze eziningi izici ukubhinqa.

Iphamfulethi ingaphinda khona izincwadi. Kulokhu sikhuluma ukwethulwa icebo yokudlala usebenza uhlamvu ukuthi kuyisici sobuntu ekumeni of ngomuntu othile, incazelo enembile ukuziphatha noma ukubukeka. isilinganiso iphamfulethi nezincwadi eziningi. Okunqumayo izimo zomlando. Ngakho, iphamfulethi inikeza ubuhlobo izincwadi kanye journalism. ukuhwebelana zabo bobabili zenzeka ezimweni zomlando ezithile.

indaba

Uma sikhuluma iqiniso lokuthi iphamfulethi enjalo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izwi umsuka ekhulwini XIV. Ekuqaleni babiza neperepletonnuyu incwajana ngaphandle ikhava. Njengoba uhlobo, lesi simanga isungule esikhathini beziNguquko. Inherent izici iphamfulethi - focus polemical, Ukuhambisana nesikhathi, lolutsatsa luhlangotsi - kwamiswa endulo izinkulumo, diatribes futhi invectives. Ake sixoxe kulezi zinkanyezi kabanzi.

Diatribe - uhlobo of izincwadi zasendulo, okuyinto wadalwa esizulazulayo sefilosofi ku III. BC. e. Sikhuluma kuxoxwa naye zefilosofi, izingqikithi ikakhulu zokuziphatha. Lalihlanganisa polemic ohlabayo, okuyinto sasiqhutshelwa Umphikisi ngengqondo, futhi ukuhlasela abukhali bemvelo siqu. Uhlobo Diatribe kamuva ekubekeni isisekelo ikusasa esigijimini sobuKristu.

isisekelo

Ukudala AmaCynic, ophike izisekelo ayisisekelo nezindinganiso omphakathi, kube olwalusikisela evelele satirical. Ngohlobo Lomuntu Okufanele Ube izincwadi adalwe igama esizulazulayo Menippus ka Godard. mpendulwano zefilosofi-satirical lokhu kumbhali kuthiwa anezinhlaka endzabeni kumnandi. Le ndlela wavumela caustic kanye Ngokuhlakanipha ukweyisa ubuthakathaka bobuntu nezikole yokucabanga. Menippus isebenza kuze kube yilolu suku ungazange lalondolozwa. Nokho, abantu abayizibonelo nezinkomba misebenzi baningi. ukubhinqa Menippean abalobi wadala Mark Terentsy Varro futhi Lucian.

ukubhinqa Literary futhi eyaqanjwa leli pheshana futhi igatsha lesibonwa. ERoma, ekuqaleni accusatory wazibonakalisa invective - umuntu phansi. amafomu Literary zalesi simo zahlukahlukene: izinkulumo polemical nezihloko, epigrams. Uphiko zezombusazwe e invective has uhlamvu lu zokubizwa ngamagama ayiziswana umuntu othile. Lena indaba "Invective ngokumelene Cicero" ubuqambi Sallust. Lo msebenzi uzama ukubhubhisa zokuziphatha zaleli indoda khona njengoba indoda enomkhaya, wezombangazwe wasemuva elonakele, okuholela imisebenzi engekho emthethweni enkantolo.

Cicero wathi, akukho invective kancane, ukumedelela noma abe nokhahlo. Lokhu uhlobo isibe evamile wezepolitiki e yeRoma. Cicero ezikhishwe invective ngokumelene Clodius. It futhi izidalwa afanayo futhi isisekelo ukuvela uhlobo echazwe yithi.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi yini leli pheshana. Sithemba ukuthi lokhu ulwazi kuyoba usizo.