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Izimo ababesebenza kuzo: Ukwahlukaniswa izici zezimboni kwemvelo. ngezigaba ngezinyathelo zenhlanzeko okwakufanele izimo zokusebenza

Ukuthuthukisa lomthetho futhi kusikisela senze izinguquko ezithile endleleni izimo zokusebenza. Ukwahlukanisa izimo zokusebenza ibaluleke mkhulu izinkomba, kanye empilweni, ukuphila ukusebenza, isimo sabo sengqondo ukuze umsebenzi wabo kanye nemiphumela yayo. Ngokusekelwe umkhuba, izindleko yentuthuko ukuze zithuthukise izimo walungisiswa ukusebenza futhi ukukhokha ngokugcwele off emva kweminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu.

I izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda

Ngo isayensi, kukhona incazelo yakhe nezimo zokusebenza. Njengomthetho, leli gama libhekisela iqoqo izici zokukhiqiza, okuyinto abe ukuhlobana ngqo isimo ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo lomuntu (impilo, inhlalakahle, ubudlelwane emisebenzini), kanye nomthelela mayelana nokusebenza kahle imisebenzi yayo. Ngakho-ke imele umqondo ezifana Ukwahlukaniswa izimo abasebenza kwemvelo izimo nezici.

Izazi ziye siphawule izici eziningi anqume imibandela yokusebenza. ngezigaba zabo kunqunywa ngezindlela ezimbili: eyokuqala yilezo zisekelwe izici ukukhiqizwa, kanti eyesibili - labo ubunjalo ukukhiqizwa akuxhomekile. Lesi sakamuva, njengoba umthetho, abe zemvelo, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho noma ezinye uhlobo.

ukuhlanganisa zomthetho

Amazinga, okungukuthi izinkombandlela R.2.2.755-99, esungulwe zindlela yokuhlanzeka ngawo ukuhlola izimo zokusebenza. Ukwahlukanisa izimo zokusebenza ngokuya izingozi nezingozi izici ukukhiqizwa imvelo, kobukhulu kanye ukushuba inqubo umsebenzi, akhiwa Russian eMnyango Wezempilo ngo-1999, ikhomba amazinga amathathu izimo zokusebenza ngokuya kobukhulu nokuba yinkimbinkimbi komsebenzi. Ziyakwazi:

  1. Kahle, noma njengoba ibizwa, umsebenzi lula.
  2. umsebenzi Esamukeleka ngomsebenzi ophansi-duty.
  3. Iyingozi, ukuthi kuwumsebenzi onzima.

Inani zezemvelo

Ukwahlukanisa izimo abasebenza izici kwezimo zendawo esekelwe izici ukukhiqizwa lokho, zihlukaniswe ukukhiqizwa ngqo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemiphakathi ngokwengqondo. I umnandi kakhulu izishayamthetho nososayensi yibo encike ubunjalo umsebenzi. Lezi zici, ngaphezu yokuthi nethonya yabo enkulu phezu nezimo zokusebenza, futhi bavame ukuba kushintsha njalo. Lokhu kuthambekela kuzokhulisa kuphela nesithakazelo kubo futhi kudinga yokufunda njalo.

Kuyadingeka ukuba eminye cabanga into efana Ukwahlukaniswa izimo zokusebenza ezicini ukukhiqizwa kanye kumiswa yalezi zizathu, futhi ngenxa umthelela wabo umuntu obandakanyeka ukukhiqizwa.

ngezigaba yokuhlanzeka

Umqondo yokuhlanzeka zindlela lesishaya uchaza indlela ukuhambisana ukukhiqizwa idatha imvelo kanye nenqubo zabasebenzi mithetho zamanje. Amalungiselelo kulo based, zimi kanje. Ukwahlukanisa izimo zokusebenza zomsebenzi kusekelwe kobukhulu phakathi kwe langempela zedatha nge izindinganiso ezamukelwayo. Lena kungakhathaliseki umsebenzi eziyingozi kakhulu izimo emsebenzini ezifana nokuxhumana abathwali izifo ezithathelwanayo, izinto ikakhulukazi ezinobuthi, futhi izidakamizwa noma nezidakamizwa.

Ngakho, esekelwe ngemiphumela elimazayo engase ibangelwe izimo ukungafani futhi ezamukelwayo, ukwaba izimo zokusebenza elilungile kuvunyelwe, futhi uyingozi.

ngezigaba ngezinyathelo zenhlanzeko okwakufanele izimo zokusebenza kusikisela division labo ngemacembu ezine:

  1. kwezimo ezifanele umsebenzi - ababiziweyo ukuze ngempumelelo nomthelela ukusebenza komuntu futhi umkhiqizo. Lapho luke luthi ziya neze wazizwa, okungakwazi kodwa kuthinte Imiphumela omuhle. Amazinga kwezimo ezifanele ukusebenzisa izinkomba sezulu, kanye nenqubo ukukhiqizwa. Kulokhu, izimo zokuphepha abhekwa abakholwako izici ezingaphephile kungukuthi kuthathwe ngenhla kuvunyelwe evamile. Le ndlela okuqinisekisa ukuphepha impilo yabasebenzi kanye kudalwa izimo abantu abaningi ababebonisa isithakazelo okusezingeni eliphezulu e umphumela zomsebenzi. Lokhu ukusebenza inhlangano ibhizinisi ubhekwa okungcono.
  2. izimo Esamukeleka ukusebenza - yilezo lapho ukusebenza akuyona emiphumeleni elimazayo okungenhla amiselwe abasebenzi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, abasebenzi ukukhuthazela ingabuyiswa kalula ngemva aziphumulele. Imiphumela emzimbeni ngaphansi imithwalo enjalo musa lingadlula ukunqunyelwa ebekiwe futhi zivume ukwelashwa ngalo akakubangeli umonakalo ebalulekile ukuze impilo yabasebenzi. izimo Esamukeleka ukusebenza akufanele idale umonakalo ongalungiseki isimo somzimba noma kuthinte amandla okuzala. ukunquma izindinganiso ezinjalo kungase akulimazi i Inzalo yakhe engakazalwa. Abasebenzi kumele ibe seyisebenza ngokugcwele ngenxa shift elilandelayo.

    Lezi zindlela ezimbili ezibhekwa izimo neyamukelekayo yokusebenza ephephile.

  3. izimo Iyingozi ukusebenza kusho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa izici ezingaphephile abathintekayo ukuthi nethonya oqondile futhi enamandla empilweni zabantu. Lezi zinombolo idlule kuvunyelwe kwezinkambiso sanitary zibulale umzimba. Ukwahlukanisa izimo abasebenza degree of ingozi incike ithonya labo, ngokuvamile has a isikhathi eside futhi kungaholela ezinkingeni ezingathi sína wokuphila, ngisho avuse imiphumela engemihle nenzalo esizayo. Lesi sigaba yomsebenzi ayikwazi labizwa ngokuthi eyamukelekayo.
  4. ngaphansi kwezimo abasebenza bayanda impilo umonakalo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izimpilo zabasebenzi. Ngaphezu isicelo ukulimaza ngokushesha ezisebenzini ngesikhathi ekwenzeni imisebenzi eyayifunwa imininingwane yomsebenzi wabo, nazo ziba nomthelela unomphela impilo yabo. amafomu Sinzima kuzichaya kungabangela umonakalo elikhulu emsebenzini umzimba. Ngenxa umthelela nokunwetshiwe yalezi zizathu e abasebenzi ezihlukahlukene kuphakama izifo emsebenzini, eziningi zazo kuholele ukungazali noma kwezinso obukhulu inzalo. Ukwahlukanisa izimo abasebenza ngezinga ingozi uhlelo ehlukile ngemibandela ukuthi lisenza siqonde kangakanani kuphephile impilo ukwenza umsebenzi othize.

Inani namandla

Ngaphezu namazinga olwamukelwa, kukhona letitsite ezifaka umsebenzi ku-amandla adonsela phansi ethize kwengqondo. Ukwahlukanisa izimo ukusebenzela zezemvelo uyakucabangela izici ngaphandle degree of harmfulness zokukhiqiza kanye izindleko amandla adingekayo ukuze ekwenzeni isisebenzi umsebenzi. Izinga wamandla asetshenziswa kungaba inkomba yokuthi kunzima kanjani umsebenzi wenziwa izisebenzi kanye nezinga okuhlushwa ngeke uyivula kudinga. Lolu lwazi kubaluleke oqondile ngcono eminye izinkomba imvelo.

Ukuhlola kanye nokubekwa ngezigaba netimo tekusebenta lolu hlobo incike Izidingo, okuyinto ucacise ukuthi amandla ukusetshenziswa kuncike ngqo isikhundla lapho umsebenzi wenza umsebenzi. Njengomthetho, kuba isikhundla emi noma ukuhlala. Amazinga bathola ukuthi lapho lokhu ehlezi amandla ezingeni landa ngamaphesenti angu mayelana emihlanu kuya kweyishumi we umzimba eyinhloko. Lapho emi, lesi sibalo antante 10-12%. Ngezinye ukuhlala ngendlela edingekayo lemali okungesona esingokwemvelo amandla luyanda ngesigamu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi engqondo asebenzayo idinga ukwengeza nanhlanu kuya amabili amaphesenti amandla nsuku zonke. Kudinga izindleko ezithile emsebenzini esishubile kakhulu noma wethukile, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa zicindezeleke. Ngakho, ukufunda ngokuzwakalayo kudinga uhhafu kuphela njengoba amandla okuningi njengoba isenzo esifanayo, kodwa wenziwa yena. Ukusebenza phambi kwezilaleli kudinga kabili amandla umthelela, futhi ngezinye lokuhlushwa nokunakwa abasebenzi, ogama imisebenzi zihlobene ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, lezi zilinganiso kungenzeka cishe amaphesenti angu-eziyikhulu. Ngesisekelo lezi nemingcele bokuphila okungu akhiwa.

Izinhlobo ukuzikhandla ngokomzimba

Ukwahlukanisa izimo abasebenza kobukhulu inqubo yomsebenzi wethu incike izindleko amandla ekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile, futhi kubonakala ukuwohloka kancane kancane emzimbeni, izehlakalo ukukhubazeka, ukuqala ukukhathala kudinga lonke ngesikhathi esifanele. Ukuvivinya umzimba, kuye ngokuthi imiphumela yayo emzimbeni zingahlukaniswa zibe static kanye ashukumisayo.

Eyokuqala kuzibonakalisa isidingo nokugcinwa eside izifundo isimo esifanayo esibangela ukukhathala amaqembu athile kwemisipha. ukusebenza njalo futhi okuqhubekayo esimweni fixed, futhi okufanayo uhlobo voltage kuphakamisa overvoltage, Ukuwohloka imisipha kanye Ukuwohloka liningi igazi ezigabeni zabo ehlukile. Lokhu kungabangela isifo esihlasela amathambo futhi uhlelo zemisipha, ngisho ukuphazamiseka.

umsebenzi Dynamic - kuba umsebenzi lapho kukhona umsebenzi olunzulu imisipha. Ngokuvamile, zisuke zihilela namaqembu amakhulu, ikakhulukazi umzimba izindlu kanye nasemilenzeni. Isibonelo esiyinhloko lolu hlobo kuba abasebenzi zabasebenzi Loader. isicelo olungalungile Ukwahlukaniswa izimo zokusebenza kungaba ingozi enkulu empilweni yabo.

umsebenzi kwengxenye noma lesifunda kwemisipha livela ukuhamba kusiza yomzimba engenhla. izindlela Limited ukuthi abathintekayo yesithathu ngaphansi kuka okukodwa kuzo zonke izicubu emzimbeni. Ngokuvamile, lokhu umsebenzi encane kwemisipha ezifana nokupakisha kwezimpahla, nokunye. D.

ukungezwani Meaning

Ukwahlukanisa izimo zokusebenza by kobukhulu futhi ufake umfutho owengeziwe kudinga ukuhlolisiswa izici zokukhiqiza, nobude futhi degree of ukukhathala umzimba ngoba isikhawu ezithile isikhathi. Voltage abasebenzi umzimba (ngokwengqondo noma ngokomzimba) ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu ngohlobo lomsebenzi kanye nomsebenzi ethize kwenziwa. Ngo olunzulu ukukhathala umthwalo kwenzeka kuye into ezihambayo umzimba wayo siqu emkhathini futhi ine uhlamvu amandla. Lapho umsebenzi asebenzayo engqondweni umzimba ukhathele ngenxa yokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo.

Ukwahlukanisa izimo ukusebenzela umfutho lomtshikatshika inqubo angabhekwa ku isibonelo ukukhiqiza, ogxile ukusetshenziswa ukusebenza ezihlakaniphile. Ukuthola umbono nokucutshungulwa kolwazi kudinga umzamo omkhulu, okuyinto njalo luhambisana nomthwalo izindleko energy. Noma kunjalo, ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu uhlobo lomsebenzi engqondo. Ngakho, elula kwezinhlobo ekhona kubhekwa ukuthi umsebenzi engqondo ukuze kudinga ezimele izinqumo. Lolu hlobo libhekwa njengoba elilungile. Nokho, uma kunesidingo, isinqumo yesikumu ekhona noma i-algorithm, umsebenzi onjalo ngeke kukhonjwe nohlobo elula yomsebenzi, ngakho-ke kungenziwa ngokuthi kuphela umsebenzi avumelekile ngezinga lokuqala.

Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi izigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ukucacisa umsebenzi ekuxazululeni izinkinga algorithm ezazaziwa noma isikimu. ukucabanga kudinga ephakeme izindleko energy, futhi ngenxa yalokho usho umsebenzi eyamukelekayo besigaba sesibili.

zindlela ahlukene

Ngaphezu nalezi zici ezingenhla, isayensi athuthukile, kanye nezinye izimo zokusebenza. Ukwahlukanisa ihlukanisa nenqubo ehlukile izimo zokusebenza. izici (izimo) akunakubangelwa kubo:

  • ngokomzimba;
  • yasendlini;
  • nomphakathi;
  • ukukhiqizwa.

Ngokusho lokhu ngokuhlukana, ngezigaba izici of isimo izimo zokusebenza ikhomba amapharamitha alandelayo: lokushisa, ingcindezi, ubumsulwa emoyeni, kome yayo, ukukhanyisa izinga, khona umsindo noma nokudludliza, kunyakaza kanye nokunyakaza emoyeni. Izimo ezinjalo kungathinta ukukhathala ukusebenza jikelele.

Ukuze uthuthukise nelondekile ezidingekayo ukudala lula ngokuyinhloko yasekhaya. Lezi zihlanganisa izinto ezifana izinga lokushisa kule uhla 18-20 ° C, HG ukucindezela mayelana 760 mm, futhi nomswakama zasendlini ezingaba ngu-50%.

Izidingo amaqembu akhethekile

Ukwahlukanisa izimo ukusebenzela nenqubo yokuhlanzeka kubalulekile nezigaba ezithile zabantu abadinga ukudala i izimo ingozi nakakhulu esikhathini emsebenzini. Lapho inhlangano yomsebenzi ngesikhathi isitshalo, abasebenzi besifazane noma izingane, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele ikhono umzimba. Ngenxa izici umzimba female kakhulu esingaphansi amadoda, ingashintshwa ukuze enze imisebenzi akhathazayo ezifana nokuphakamisa izinsimbi. Ngakho-ke, ukubandakanywa abesifazane emisebenzini esinjalo kunqatshelwe ngokomthetho. Kunjalo entsheni. NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda izingane akuyona kwakhiwa ngokugcwele okwamanje, ngakho umsebenzi wabo kumele ukuba kubhekelwe nenqubo kanye nokubekwa ngezigaba nezimo zokusebenza, okuyinto zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe e amazinga.

okusho abahlukanisayo

uhlelo ezinjalo has a Kumqoka kakhulu ukudalwa kwezimo ezifanele wonke amaqembu abantu. Ukwahlukanisa izimo ezintweni imvelo ukusebenza esimweni izingane ophoqelelwe abaqashi ukudala izindawo lokho kwakungeke uvinjelwe ekuthuthukiseni nokukhula kwezingane. Okokuqala nje siphathelene umsebenzi odinga amandla, okuyinto ine umthwalo ngokweqile umzimba wengane kanye nentuthuko yayo okunye. Imisipha namathambo ngalesi yobudala azikakabi bakheké ngokuphelele, okuyinto kusondele Ukwenyela, nemivimbo ukuthuthukiswa ongalingani umzimba. Izingane kufanele amahora emifushane ukusebenza, kanye ngokucacile kungagcini kobukhulu izimpahla, lapho angamvusa enqubeni. hlinzeka Okufanayo asethwe ukuwufeza umthamo futhi abesifazane. Lawo maqembu angase aqale umsebenzi ebusuku kuphela ezimweni ezehlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane kuhlinzekelwe sokubeletha nokuguqulwa endaweni yomsebenzi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa a wamaphaphu.

ngezigaba ngezinyathelo zenhlanzeko okwakufanele izimo zokusebenza kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuze kuvikeleke zezempilo zomphakathi, futhi ikakhulukazi kwezakhi yibona abasengozini enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, e-manual nenqubo inhlanzeko wawuthi khona kwabo lula ukulawula impilo yabasebenzi nokulandela imigomo izidingo ezikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kulondolozwe impilo igunya lomphakathi ukusiza ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo, njalo afeze amasheke zihlose ukuthola ukungafani kokuthunyelwe nezinkinga zempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona ukuhlolwa uhlelo olulodwa lwenza yenkampani ngalinye ukuze ugcine amarekhodi kanye ukuthatha izinyathelo ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze uthole ngcono zabo. Ukwahlukanisa netimo tekusebenta imvelo ukusebenza kusiza ukubamba ukuhlolwa State kungenwe ezindaweni zokusebenzela, elikhipha mayelana nokuhambisana ngezindinganiso olwamukelwa kanye nabashushisi lwabantu beqondisa ukwenza ngokuvumelana nalezi zimiso. Eenkambisweni zobulelesi amalungiselelo anjalo zisiza ukuphenya amacala ephule umthetho futhi ukukhetha ngezinga elithile izifo zabantu abatholakala benecala komgomo ezinjalo.

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