Impilo kanye namanzi. Izinga amanzi okuphuza

amanzi inhlanzeko, nokugcina izinga yayo kuze ejwayelekile - Lena enye yezinselele ezinkulu isintu esibhekene nazo namuhla. Indlela esiyokwenza ukubhekana naso, kuncike ukuphila nempilo zezakhamuzi Zomhlaba.

Amanzi - ethé chithi saka kakhulu kule planethi ekhuthaza zemvelo. ukushisa umthamo wayo eshintsha nonlinearly: isifinyelele aphansi at 37 ° C. Amanzi umqhubi abampofu ugesi. Esikhathini therein khona oncibilikile kwandisa conductivity yayo.

Izici of Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Compound molecule H ₂ O esitebeleni ngokwanele ukuthi, lihambisana anezakhi ezikhethekile kagesi, kwenza kube kuphela jikelele. Yingakho emanzini uhlale ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali. Kwenqwaba izinto letivetwe kulelithebula D. I. Mendeleeva, kuyisici esihlupha amanzi zemvelo. imisebenzi Bayanda asebenzayo yezimboni isintu kuholela ukubukeka kuwo eziningi ezibangela wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic, yingakho kudingeka sihlale njalo siqaphele inombolo yabo. Ngenxa yalokho, amanzi nenhlanzeko kubaluleke ngokukhethekile. Isakhiwo engqamuzaneni (kusuka trihydric ke luncane) uchaza izici eziningi ebalulekile yingxube njenge H ₂ O.

Inani lamanzi e eziphilayo

Umzimba womuntu omdala umthamo wamanzi cishe 65-70% we isisindo salo Imininingwane. Okuqukethwe kwalo luphezulu kakhuluu ukudla. Ngo inhlanzi, isibonelo, ifinyelela 85% e inyama - 79% e izithelo nemifino amafutha ifinyelela 78-97%. Ekhuluma isamba amanzi emzimbeni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi alandise kuphela isigamu okuningi umthamo yayo kuqhathaniswa ne eziqukethe yonke imifula eMhlabeni bona. Man uyakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kokudla izinsuku 65-70, kodwa ngaphandle kwamanzi kungaba ubambe izinsukwana nje ezimbalwa. Uma kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa ilingana 6-8% esisindo Imininingwane, eqala amanzi emzimbeni namandla. Uma ukulahlekelwa yayo azisizi 10-20% esisindo Imininingwane, kunosongo ekuphileni.

kuhlola kwekusebenta kubukwe izinkomba izinga lamanzi

Amanzi inhlanzeko izwakalwa ngokuvumelana izinkomba ezithile. Ngokusho kwezinkambiso wamukela, kumele kube wobungani chemical yabo ukwakheka kanye maqondana nalolu bhubhane. Amanzi inhlanzeko esikalini ku nemingcele ezilandelayo: khona kwamagciwane therein yisinanakazana izifo kanye Amagciwane; okuhlushwa emanzini amakhemikhali, kuhlanganise enemisebe; ushintsho izakhiwo ngokuthi organoleptic (umbala ukutholakala, ukunambitheka, iphunga, ukubukeka turbidity, ifilimu noma Foam).

lizinga lemanti kanye nokudlondlobala

Uma izinga lamanzi okuphuza isimo abampofu impilo salabo abakwaziyo ukuyisebenzisa, it zimbi kakhulu. Ngokwe-WHO, unyaka ngamunye emazweni asathuthuka, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu bayafa ngenxa yokuthi uvimbela kungamukeleki. Ukusabalala kwezifo emathunjini (eqoshiwe amacala kwezigidi ezingu-500 ngonyaka, lapho emazweni asathuthuka zaba ngu-80% of the isifo) Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso eliphansi lokuhlanzeka kwamanzi okuphuza noma ukushoda.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, hhayi nje kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi eliphansi ngaphakathi kungaholela ezifweni ezihlukahlukene, kodwa futhi ukusetshenziswa ekudleni ezingahlanjiwe imifino okuye kwanda emasimini, nisela edalulwa. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi isibalo sabantu abangenawo amanzi aphephile 1.1 bhiliyoni. Akusiyo ingozi UBANI esebeké phambili uhlelo engu-10 okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono ukuphakelwa kwamanzi, njengoba inkinga emphakathini nasempilweni global kuwo onke amazwe.

imithombo yamanzi

Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi ezisetshenziselwa amanzi, ngezinjongo zokwelapha, ukuzilibazisa kanye nemidlalo, ukubhukuda, kanye amachibi elise ngaphakathi kwemingcele nemizana, izinga lamanzi ukuhlangabezana namazinga sanitary. Uma indlela yokwakheka engokwemvelo amanzi akuyona egculisayo noma uma umthombo libhekene abalulekile ukungcola yabantu, ngisho lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu izindlela yokuhlanza abakwazi ikhwalithi egculisayo.

Imithombo yamanzi kulinganiswa at izici ezihlukahlukene yokuhlanzeka, phakathi okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo: ikhwalithi lamanzi, ukuchayeka yayo ezenziwe umuntu (social), futhi yizici zemvelo, kanye sanitary umthombo nokwethenjelwa, isb ukumelana layo izici zemvelo nezibangelwa abantu. Uma sikhuluma eyodwa ukuphuza amanzi, ukuthembeka sanitary of lwaluvelaphi kunqunywa ikhono layo ukuze silondoloze izinga amanzi ezingeni eliphezulu, kanye eyanele ukugeleza amazinga adingekayo ukuze ezikunika kuhlelwe uhlelo amanzi.

Imithombo yamanzi - kunjani komhlaba namanzi asemkhathini, namanzi evulekile. Nge inketho ukukhetha ngokuvamile inikezwa komhlaba, kungcono ukusebenzisa olujulile. Manzi inhlabathi izingqimba thembeke bazivikele ebusweni ukusilaphazeka. Lapho idatha ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa amanzi noma ngokungabi bikho yawo esekelwe kweminye imithombo yamanzi. Kulesi simo abalulekile alandelayo (kusuka phansi kuya phezulu):

• amanzi asemkhathini;
• emifuleni, emadamini kokuba (ukugeleza ngokomthetho);
• Lake;
• emfuleni ngaphandle amadamu (nge flow angahlelekile);
• komhlaba aquifers ukuvundulula khathizwe;
• iziphethu nezintwa okhiye (ukhetho best).

Ukuhlolwa izinga amanzi okuphuza

Phakathi imibhalo eyinhloko ngesisekelo okuyinto eyenziwa ukuhlaziywa amanzi, kufanele kuphawulwe okulandelayo:

• GOST 2761-84.
• SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01.
• SanPiN 2.1.4.1175-02.
• SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02.

Chaza ngamafuphi ngamunye wabo.

GOST 2761-84

Incwadi yokuqala ohlwini lwethu, GOST 2761-84, ubeka izimiso okumele ilandelwe lapho ukhetha imithombo yamanzi (ngaphandle noma ngaphansi komhlaba) ukuze eyodwa namanzi. Lo mbhalo futhi wabonisa izimiso yokulinganisa ngezici bacteriological, amakhemikhali, organoleptic nezingokwenyama amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza izindlela ukuze kusebenziswe zalo ngokwenkonzo izinga umthombo ethile. ukuhlaziywa Amanzi kufanele ibonise ukungabikho lezi izakhiwo kanye nokusungulwa, okungakwazi kuholele izindlela ezikhona ukucutshungulwa eyamukelekayo.

Amakhemikhali eziqukethwe amanzi, akufanele zikhipha-ukunambitheka kanye nephunga, khona igwebu ntombazane, shintsha umbala amanzi. Ngamanye amazwi, akufanele sibe sibi yayo izimfanelo umthengi kanye izakhiwo organoleptic. Kuyinto umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ephishekela GOST. Amanzi izibonelo zalokho okufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela ukuze bagweme ukuhlanekezela ukusebenza. Ngokuhambisana GOST, amanzi akufanele abe nomthelela omubi imodi sanitary (self-ukuhlanzwa izinqubo) amadamu kanye emzimbeni womuntu.

Kokulinganisa of izinto radioactive namakhemikhali e imvelo, kuhlanganise namanzi, kuzinga kusekelwe isimiso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphakathi lokuhlala kuvunyelwe (ngemithamo) khona izinto ezithile akuyona ingozi (ephephile) ukuze umzimba. Okudingekayo uma lokhu kudingekile acabangele kungenzeka eside nemiphumela.

SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01

Namuhla iningi eyisisekelo iziqondiso ukusungula kulelizwe imithetho kwenhlanzeko yamanzi, sesibili amadokhumenti ngenhla, SanPin 2.1.4.1074-01. Iqondiswe therein kuyinsakavukela Ukwakheka amanzi okuphuza, kufanele kuphawulwe, inake izinto okuyinto engathandeki futhi kungenziwa ibekezelelwe kuphela ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile. Izithako ukuthi kumele kube khona emanzini, ababhekwa lapha. Kumele kuthiwe amazinga yokuhlanzeka, okumunyethwe kuwo, aze aphelela akuzona izinga esezingeni amanzi angasetshenziselwa ukuphuza, futhi database sikahulumeni. Yena Lusetshenziswa uma kukhona isidingo uhlelo lokuqapha izinga lamanzi ethize (ukhonkolo) iphayiphi. Ngu ukubunjwa ukulawulwa kuleli cala, isimiso yenchubomgomo lesifunda.

SanPiN 2.1.4.1175-02

Enye incwadi ebalulekile, ngokuhambisana okuyinto ukuhlola amanzi inhlanzeko kanye supply is SanPin 2.1.4.1175-02. Ngokusho kwakhe, e impahla yayo kanye nokusungulwa, kumelwe bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile, okuyinto ahlelwe ethebuleni kwale dokhumenti. ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa SanPiN property amanzi, okuyizinto sezinzwa. Idokhumenti elilandelayo izinkomba chemical ezikhonjwe: ezisalayo ezomile, pH, namachibi permanganate, nitrate, chloride futhi sulphates. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona okubonisa okuqukethwe elamukelekayo ezithile ikhemikhali ezingeni predetermined engeqile MAC (esiphezulu lokuhlushwa sivumelekile izindinganiso zenhlanzeko). Ngokuhambisana ngalezi zinkomba kulinganiswa amanzi isampula. Ukuze umthombo ngamunye, uhlu izinto elawulwa kumele ukufakwa ngokwehlukana. Kumele okusekelwe izimo zendawo, kanye imiphumela etholwe wokuhlola sanitary.

SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02

SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02 wadala ukulawula izinga lamanzi okuphuza ezipakishiwe izigubhu. Ukumeleleka kwezinkambiso sanitary imithetho azisebenzi emakamelweni okudlela, wezokwelapha-ithebula namanzi ukuphulukiswa amaminerali. Injongo eyinhloko lezi zilinganiso wukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ezweni prepacked okuqukethwe amanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu kwezakhi okuyinto engeyinhle. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa yayo ukusetshenziswa chlorine amalungiselelo ayivumelekile. Ozonation nezingokwenyama zokuwugaya ezihlukahlukene (isib, impatho emisebe ye-UV nge) izindlela eyamukelekayo iningi magciwane. Lolu cwaningo yamanzi wawuhloselwe ukudayiswa kufanele ziphoqelelwe ukuba afeze nomkhiqizi ngamunye.

Ingabe kuzoba khona amanzi ngokwanele ukuba isintu

Amazinga amanzi angasetshenziselwa ukuphuza, njalo zibukezwa ngenxa nokuwohloka kwemvelo, waphawula njengoba zibangelwa yizenzo zabantu, kanye ngokuqondene ukukhula ulwazi lwesayensi. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalezi zinguquko, imishini ngcono kanye nobuchwepheshe sisetshenziselwa ukunikezela ngamanzi ahlanzwe. umsebenzi komuntu ngamunye kithi, kuyinto ukuyisebenzisa ukuze kuzuze bona, kuyilapho nawe ungalushayi kokubhubhisa semvelo yasemanzini.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi kwakwakhe ne H2O ifomula ingenye izinsiza main kule planethi yethu. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi kwakuzokwenzekani kuye amanzi ahlanzekile asisekho noma cha eyenziwa inhlanzeko yayo. Ukuphuza amanzi kubalulekile ukuba indoda. Kufanele uphuze usuku imali mayelana 1.7 amalitha. Ukuze ukupheka, ukuwasha kanye nezinye izidingo zansuku zonke ngamunye wethu liyadingeka ezikhathini 20 senani. Usongo lwezigebengu ukushabalala amanzi kubalulekile ukuphuza lwethu okwamanje babanjiwe. Zonke izinto eziphilayo uhlushwa ukungcola kwamanzi. Kuba eziphilayo okungenampilo. Kuyadingeka ukuvimbela ukusilaphazeka okuyoba inhlekelele amanzi, ukunciphisa umthamo yayo emhlabeni.