Izimpawu, umqondo izibopho nokuzibopha ukubukwa

Ngo Inqubomgomo lanamuhla zezomthetho Russian Federation, indima ngokwanele ubudlelwane civil ezinkulu kulawulwa legatsha civil yomthetho. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amalungu afanayo kwezinkambiso ngokomthetho kwaletha okunye ngesikhathi lapho insimu yase Russia yesimanje uye wahambela izizwe disparate ka namaqaba.

I sikakhokho ezizimele kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha abameli wamaRoma. Baye basungula ingxenye enkulu izakhiwo zomthetho, ezisetshenziswa ekuxazululeni lezindaba zomphakathi ezithile kuze kube yilolu suku. Ingxenye enkulu of ubudlelwano civil ukuthatha ukuzibophezela. Mshini wesi zabo yasungulwa eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi.

Namuhla, le ndawo komkhakha civil kuyinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu ukufunda. Nakuba-ke kwamiswa ngesikhathi umthamo esiphezulu esemthethweni umphakathi Russian wamanje, kusenzima ngombono ngempela ezithakazelisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzibophezela kufaka subsector ehlukile komthetho we-civil elikuvumela ukugqamisa umqondo, lezisekelo futhi izinhlobo nezibopho, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo zabo division.

Development Institute of izibopho e komthetho wamaRoma

Concept futhi izinhlobo izibopho Bona kwamiswa kudala njengoba komthetho wamaRoma. Eqinisweni, ngenxa nezibopho umthetho wamaRoma kwaba ingxenye enkulu wadala. Izisekelo kulesi sikhungo eyafakwa esinye sezibonelo lokuqala umthetho olotshiwe: Ikhodi Imithetho XII amatafula. Ngokusho kulo mthombo, isibopho ekuqaleni kwavela kuphela ngesisekelo lokungaziphathi kahle. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mkhuba ishintshile. Sithole umthombo omusha izibopho - izinkontileka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kokuvela umqondo omusha ngokuzibophezela isibopho izinhlobo.

ukusebenzelana okuhilela izivumelwano waqala ukuthuthukisa esikhathini esingaphansi koMbuso WamaRoma. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Isihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela ubudlelwane isibopho sezomthetho zakhiwa. Abameli engimbumbile nomqondo okubonakalisa le impahla we-Institute of Umthetho Wobumfihlo. Isenzo eyabekwa zomthetho, Corpus Juris Civilis, ukuzibophezela ziye okwethulwa ifomu yabo classical, esetshenziselwa kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngokwesibonelo, ngisho ngaleso sikhathi izazimthetho waletha Amaqembu amabili amakhulu e ezifanayo ezingokomthetho ubudlelwano: abakweletwayo nababakweletayo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izinhlobo ezahlukene izibopho ngesisekelo umthombo ezikhonjwe Eqinisweni zomthetho.

Nezikweletu: umqondo, izinhlobo, lezisekelo nesenzakalo

Kususelwa umthetho yesimanje isiRashiya, okungukuthi, izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Article 307 Code Civil, kwezibopho isenzo ubuhlobo civil lomthetho imvelo ethize, amaqembu okuyizinto okweletayo (kuyadingeka ukwenza noma yisiphi isenzo esivuna phesheya) kanye umbolekisi (kuthatha izenzo ezenziwa okweletayo) . Lolu hlobo umsebenzi ungaboniswa ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo, ukudluliselwa Ngaboleka imali.

Ubuhlobo Isibopho angaba khona Ngenxa yokuthi wabona ukuthi indaba, futhi ngaphandle kwalo. Ziyakwazi ngokuvamile zamazwe amabili. Inhlangano ngayinye sinikezwe nemalungelo kanye netibopho Nokho, izici nobubanzi abaluthole ehluke ngokuphelele. Lokhu kukhombisa umehluko kohulumeni zomthetho we okweletayo kanye ayemkweleta. Concept futhi izinhlobo ukuzibophezela ukuvumela ukuthi sikhulume inyumbazana samanje Institute of komthetho we-civil. Abanye ososayensi ngokuvamile baye bathi umthetho icala igatsha ahlukene, kodwa lokhu okutholakele zidinga ukuqonda isayensi.

Ngezizathu

Umcabango ukuzinikela futhi isibopho izinhlobo - lawa nezici eziyinhloko. Kodwa futhi ukunikeza izizathu ukuvela ubudlelwane izibopho. Mshini nesenzakalo, noma ngaphezulu ngokuqondile ukuqaliswa kwe-kwezinkambiso walesi sikhungo, iqala kuphela ukusungulwa kwesiGungu Eqinisweni zomthetho ekhethekile. Amaqiniso abekwe ehlangana uhlelo ngokuthi nsuku azalelwa izibopho. Ngokuvamile, kuphakama lezi ubudlelwano zomthetho evela kokwenziwe sohlangothi olulodwa, izivumelwano, ubufakazi bokuhlukumezeka, abangalungile nokunonophala uhlamvu, esakaza ulwazi olungamanga nokunye. N.

Lokhu aliphelelanga. Siyaqonda ukuthi izwe akemi namanje. Abantu ishintsha njalo. Lokhu kuholela ukuvela, ubudlelwano entsha ngokuphelele angajwayelekile ukuthi ziyakwazi ngempela ukuba abe ngesisekelo umsuka izibopho. Isibonelo yifa wemoto. Concept futhi izinhlobo zokuthutha ukuzibophezela kuze kube manje kunzima kakhulu ukuthola, ngoba zivamile enkolweni iziqondiso eziningi. Ngenxa yalokhu, azilona neze nesithakazelo kubantu. Noma kunjalo, umqondo kanye nezinhlobo zokuthutha ukuzibophezela odinga ukukwazi, ngoba ngosizo lwabo, isikhungo kobunikazi impahla kwembuleka ngokugcwele endabeni samanje - ezokuthutha.

Abahlanganyela zomthetho ubuhlobo ufungisa

Iqhaza enkulu ukuqaliswa izibopho eyabelwe amaqembu zomthetho. Kusukela ezinsukwini yomthetho waseRoma yangasese ukuba khona mkhuba amaqembu ayinhloko amabili kuphela:

1. Ayemkweleta - umuntu, maqondana okuyinto yisiphi isinyathelo okufanele zithathwe. Abantu abaningi ngephutha sikholelwe ukuthi ayemkweleta kuphela ukuba qembu licele, esinikela imali izikweletu. Ngokusekelwe umqondo eside, kungenzeka ukuba bafinyelele esiphethweni mayelana besimo iziphetho ezinjalo. Kwezinye izimo, umbolekisi ayinikeli ngemali noma ezinye izimpahla elinye iqembu.
2. Okweletayo ibizwa ngokuthi umuntu baphoqelelwa ukuba benze izenzo ezithile (noma uyeke ekusetshenzisweni kwazo) esivuna umbolekisi ngesisekelo iqiniso zomthetho nesenzakalo izibopho.

Akunamkhawulo on njengobunengi bemiphefumulo ukuthi akunakubangelwa elilodwa noma kwenye ohlangothini ubudlelwane isibopho. Nokho, lapha kubalulekile ukwaba umthetho ngokwanele ezithakazelisayo. Amalungelo nemisebenzi ubuhlobo izibopho kuphakama kuphela amaqembu ukuthi abahileleke ngokuqondile nabo. Ngakho, besithathu abanalo amalungelo noma izibopho. Nakuba, uma sihlaziya nomqondo ukuzinikela futhi isibopho izinhlobo, singazibona izikhathi lapho besithathu ukwenza zinendima ubudlelwano somthetho esifakwe.

Izikweletu abathintekayo lapho besithathu kuthiwa

Kunezindlela eziningana ubudlelwane zomthetho, okuyinto ngaphezu amaqembu zakudala (okweletayo kanye ayemkweleta) futhi alethe wesithathu. Kwezinye izimo, bangase empeleni kube amalungu ubhale izinkinga ezihilelekile. Kodwa kulokhu kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ungesiye abakweletwayo noma abakweletayo. Imodi yabo subjective unohlobo oluthile. Ukuze izibopho zibala:

• Ukuzibophelela okuphambili besithathu - uhlobo ukuzinikela, lapho ohlangothini "classical" ukudala umthetho yesithathu, azisetshenziswa abantu zomthetho. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, lo muntu ingafinyelela lelilungelo mathupha noma ukuyeka ngokuphelele.
• Ukuzibophelela okuphambili ekukhishweni yisiphi isinyathelo esivuna wesithathu. Ebuhlotsheni nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezifuze inkampani yangaphandle unelungelo befuna ukugcwaliseka izibopho. Uma lokhu kulungile luyasetshenziswa, isibopho sokuqala phakathi okweletayo kanye ayemkweleta uzoyeka.
• Ukubeka ukusebenza nezibopho kumuntu wesithathu. Ngezinye izikhathi kuvela izimo ezinjalo lapho ababolekisi empeleni abanandaba ozosigcwalisa isibopho esithile. Kulokhu, okweletayo unelungelo ezokhipha ngokusebenzisa wesithathu. Ngamanye amazwi, kungenzeka ukuthi abeke ngokulandela isibopho kumuntu wesithathu. Ezimweni eziningi, ama-third party uqobo enquma ngokubulawa kwakhe noma okungezona kuqalisa.

Ukwahlukaniswa wonke amalungu afanayo izibopho

Imiqondo ngokuzibophezela isibopho izinhlobo - lawa izingxenye ezisiza ukuqonda okushiwo isikhungo. Kulesi ngezigaba ethulwa ubudlelwane kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba baqonde ezindleleni ukugcwaliseka sikhungo emkhakheni esisebenzayo. Concept futhi izinhlobo icala civil - kukhona imiqondo aphelele. Zonke izinhlobo akhona ubudlelwano walolu hlobo empeleni uvuke imiqondo evezwa Civil Code. Ngakho, izikweletu zihlukaniswe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. Izivumelwano kanye non-nezivumelwano. Uhlobo lokuqala of icala kuphakama kusukela inkontileka langempela noma okwenziwayo lapho izenzo amaqembu ahlose ukushintsha, ekunqanyulweni futhi ekwakhekeni umbuso kwezomthetho. Ngokuphathelene nezibopho ze-non-ezivumelwano, kuphakama kusukela amaqiniso ehlukene zomthetho. I engavamile kulezi ubudlelwane wukuthi kungukuthi okuhloswe ngaso ekushintsheni umbuso kwezomthetho. Phakathi kwamaqiniso lomthetho ubalwe njengenye elandelayo: ukudluliswa kwempahla, ukuhlinzekwa kwemisebenzi, imisebenzi kanye nokulimala okubangela. Ukuze uhlobo yokugcina libhekene amaningi izici elikuvumela ukuba kungaziwa ukuthi kwakuyisifo sini endaweni subinstitut, nakuba lo mbono namanje impikiswano. Concept futhi izinhlobo nezibopho ze-non-nezivumelwano, kanye lesi sivumelwano ebekwe the Civil Code. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqondiso zomthetho ihlukanisa nabo ingxenye ehlukile ye isenzo esenza ukukhuluma ngohulumeni ethize wezomthetho nezibopho ze-non-nezivumelwano.
2. Concept, okuqukethwe kanye izinhlobo izibopho Ziyakwazi izigaba eziyinhloko kule Institute. Izinhlobo yena, ingahlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nezimfuno ezahlukene, isibonelo, isilinganiso imisebenzi namalungelo amaqembu. Ngokusho lokhu ngezigaba, ungakhetha eyodwa futhi okuhambisanayo isibopho izinhlobo. Ukuzibophezela unilateral libhekene ukuzinza isihlobo, kusukela party eyodwa kuphela onelungelo, kanye nezinye - imisebenzi. Enjalo engokomthetho "bukhoma" on iskripthi ngaphambilini ihlanganiswe futhi azizange zishintshe. izibopho Mutual libhekene khona kokubili amalungelo nezibopho nhlangothi zombili. Lona imodeli ephelele iningi ubudlelwano of okweletayo kanye ayemkweleta, ngoba unekhono ulungise umbuso labo elisemthethweni ngesisekelo izimiso jikelele komthetho we-civil kanye nemigomo ekhethekile. Kusekelwe ukuzibophezela mutual waqalisa ingxenye enkulu ebuhlotsheni umthetho inkontileka.
3. Kungenzeka ukuqoba out yokwehlayo izibopho. Ngokwalesi simiso, kukhona ubudlelwane zomthetho phakathi kwamakhamera ocingo ohlangothini. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono lezi ubudlelwano kudingeka sethule credit. Wona kuyoba umzimba omkhulu loan maqondana nokuhlawuliswa ezihlolelwe sekwephuzile izinkokhelo. Okweletayo kuyodingeka ukuba abuyisele uthishanhloko loan, bese kuphela ukunikeza inhlawulo.
4. Kukhona isici ngezigaba, njengoba uhlobo ukusebenza kwesibopho. Ngokusho kwakhe ukwaba izibopho saziso, okunye futhi ozikhethela. Konke lokhu ubudlelwane zomthetho kuhluke isimiso isinyathelo ukukhishwa izibopho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-ubudlelwane zomthetho saziso kuyadingeka ukwenza izinyathelo kahle ichazwe. Esikhathini okunye, kunalokho, kukhona lokuzikhethela. Ezithile kakhulu uyazikhethela. Kuleli fomu, kukhona eyengeziwe, ukukhishwa okuyinto ngokuzikhethela kanye ikhava komsebenzi.

Uyini nokugcinwa izibopho?

Concept, izinhlobo nokusebenza nezibopho ezikhona sibonga ukwakha indlela ukuqinisekisa lezi ubudlelwano. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi abanye indlela civil-umthetho, kuqinisekisa ukugcwaliseka izibopho esikhathini esizayo. Isiqalo nesigcino yalezi zindlela ibizwa ngokuthi "Izibopho okuphephile". Ukukhuluma ulimi isayensi, lokhu izinyathelo zomthetho, okuyinto sihlose ukunciphisa amathuba Ukunganeliseki ayemkweleta. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-software okwazi ukukhiqiza hhayi kuphela ngesisekelo komthetho we-civil we Russian Federation ngokuthi amasiko ibhizinisi inzuzo.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izibopho civil, umqondo, izinhlobo zazo awavezela esihlokweni, ngokuvamile kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele kuphela emva isicelo izindlela zokuphepha. Lokhu kuthambekela negative isungule eMbusweni omkhulu Russian Federation, nakho ezimweni eziningi ayikuvumeli izinkampani zasekhaya bakwazi ukungena kwimakethe yokuphehla European ngenxa yedumela elibi.

Izinhlobo ezithile izibopho yesondlo

Ngasekuqaleni thina waveza ukuthi kanye imiqondo ezifana umqondo nezibopho izinhlobo izibopho emthethweni civil emelelwa futhi indlela ahlinzeke. Uma sihlaziya ngokuningiliziwe the Civil Code, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

• isibambiso;
• idiphozi;
• isibambiso;
• nokugcinwa;
• isigwebo.

Zonke izindlela ethulwa empeleni aqinisekise ukusebenza esizayo isibopho. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-penalty enikeziwe ngesimo inhlawulo, uma ubuhlobo lomthetho ngeke ezigcwaliseka esikhathini. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, idiphozi indlela esetshenziswa okweletayo ngesimo imali yangaphambi okwenza, okuyinto esimweni ukwephulwa nezikweletu ngeke adluliselwe umbolekisi ngesimo isinxephezelo.

I isiqinisekiso ebhange njengoba ifomu esizimele ukuzibophezela yezokuphepha

Imiqondo ezibonakaliso izinhlobo nezikweletu kubonisa isenzakalo esiphawulekayo lokhu sub-indastri. Ngakho-ke, izindlela eziqondile kudingeka ukusekela kwakhe, enye yazo kuyisiqinisekiso ebhange. Sasebhange elinesimo indlela ethize kokusebenza. Isici esiyinhloko siwukuthi yisiboniso kumele ngempela ukwenza njenge ebhange noma kwenye inhlangano yezimali. Kusobala ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu angakwazi ukuthola isiqinisekiso yasebhange isibopho yayo. Ezimweni eziningi, amabhange ungayeki iziqinisekiso zabantu engaziwa.

isiphetho

Ngakho, izibopho ezichazwe kulesi sihloko. Concept, izinhlobo, izizathu nazo ethulwa. Wakusho izici ezithile abanye ubudlelwane isibopho nezindlela software yabo.