Ubani otholile umonakalo we-radioactivity futhi kwenzeke kanjani lokhu?

Lesi sihloko sitshela ukuthi ubani otholile umonakalo we-radioactivity, lapho kwenzeka futhi ngaphansi kweziphi izimo.

I-radioactivity

Izwe lanamuhla kanye nemiboni cishe akunakwenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle kwamandla enyukliya. Izigameko ze-nyukliya zondla izikebhe zamanzi, zinikeza ugesi kuwo wonke amadolobha, kanye nemithombo ekhethekile yamandla esekelwe ukubola kwe-radioactive kufakwe kwi-satellites yokufakelwa kanye namarobhothi afunda amanye amaplanethi.

Imisakazo yatholwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Kodwa-ke, njengezinye izinto eziningi ezibalulekile ezitholakala emasimini ahlukahlukene wesayensi. Kodwa yimuphi usosayensi othole kuqala ukuthola umonakalo we-radioactivity futhi kwenzeke kanjani lokhu? Sizokukhuluma ngalokhu kulesi sihloko.

Ukutholwa

Lesi senzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu sesayensi senzeka ngo-1896 futhi senziwa ngu-A. Becquerel lapho efunda ukuxhumana okungenzeka kwe-luminescence futhi osanda kutholakala okuthiwa i-x-ray.

Ngokusho kukaBququerel ngokwakhe, wakhulelwa nomqondo wokuthi, mhlawumbe, noma yikuphi ukukhanya kwe-luminescence nakho kuhambisana ne-x-ray? Ukuze avivinye ukuqagela kwakhe, wasebenzisa amakhemikhali amaningana amakhemikhali, afaka nelinye lasawoti e-uranium, ayekhanya ebumnyameni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ebeka ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga, usosayensi wayifaka usawoti ephepheni elimnyama wayibeka ekamelweni elingaphakathi kwipulatifomu eqoshiwe, okwakukhona futhi elinezikhwama ezikhanyayo. Kamuva, lapho ebonisile, u-Becquerel washintsha isithombe esiqondile salunye ucezu kasawoti. Kodwa njengoba i-luminescence ayikwazanga ukunqoba iphepha, kusho ukuthi imisebe ye-X-ray yelulela phezulu ipuleti. Ngakho manje siyazi ukuthi ubani othole kuqala ukuthi kwenzeke yini umsakazo we-radioactivity. Yiqiniso, usosayensi ngokwakhe wayengakayiqondi ngokugcwele lokho ayekutholile. Kodwa mayelana nakho konke okuhlelekile.

Ukuhlangana kwe-Academy of Sciences

Ngemva kwesikhashana ngonyaka ofanayo, emhlanganweni we-Academy of Sciences eParis, u-Becquerel wenza umbiko "Emisebeni eyenziwa yi-phosphorescence." Kodwa emva kwesikhathi esithile emqondweni wakhe naseziphethweni kwakudingeka enze izinguquko. Ngakho-ke, phakathi nenye yezilingo, ngaphandle kokulindela isimo sezulu esihle neselanga, usosayensi wabeka i-uranium isakhi epulatifheni yezithombe, engazange ifakwe ukukhanya. Noma kunjalo, ipuleti ibonakala isakhiwo sayo esicacile.

Ngo-Mashi 2 wonyaka ofanayo, uBququerel wethule umsebenzi omusha kwi-Academy of Sciences, owachaza imisebe ekhishwa yizidumbu ze-phosphorescent. Manje sisazi ukuthi ubani ososayensi otholile umphumela we-radioactivity.

Ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo

Ukuphishekela izifundo ezengeziwe ze-radioactivity, u-Becquerel wazama izinto eziningi, kubandakanya i-uranium yensimbi. Futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi epulatifheni yezithombe kwakukhona njalo imidwebo. Futhi ebeka isiphambano sensimbi emkhatsini womthombo we-radiation kanye nepuleti, isosayensi yamukelwa, njengoba manje ayengasho, i-X-ray yakhe. Ngakho sahlunga umbuzo othi ubani otholile umphumela we-radioactivity.

Ngaleso sikhathi kwacaca ukuthi u-Becquerel wayethole uhlobo olusha ngokuphelele lwemisebe engabonakali eyayingadlula noma yiziphi izinto, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ayengeyona imilayezo ye-X.

Kwacaciswa nokuthi ukuqina kwemisebe yomsakazo kuncike ekutheni inani le-uranium ngokwayo kumalungiselelo amakhemikhali, hhayi ngezinhlobo zazo. BekunguBququerel owabelana ngempumelelo yakhe yesayensi kanye nemibono yombhangqwana uPeter noMarius Curie, kamuva owasungula i-radioactivity ekhishwe yi-thorium, futhi wathola izakhi ezimbili ezintsha, kamuva ezibizwa ngokuthi i-polonium ne-radium. Futhi lapho kuhlaziywa umbuzo othi "ngubani otholile umonakalo we-radioactivity," abantu abaningi baphazamisa ngokufanelekile ukuthi lokhu kufaneleka kumbhangqwana weCurie.

Imiphumela yezinto eziphilayo

Lapho kwaziwa ukuthi imisebe yomsakazo iphume zonke izakhi ze-uranium, u-Becquerel kancane kancane wabuyela ekutadisheni i-phosphor. Kodwa wakwazi ukwenza ukutholakala okunye okubaluleke kakhulu - umphumela wemisebe yomsakazo eziphilayo eziphilayo. Ngakho u-Becquerel wayengeyena owokuqala ukuthola umonakalo we-radioactivity, kodwa nalabo abasungula ithonya lakhe ezintweni eziphilayo.

Ngenye yezinkulumo, wanikela umfutho waseCurie umuthi omsakazo futhi wawufaka ephaketheni lakhe. Ngemva kwenkulumo, eyibuyisela kubanikazi, isosayensi yabona ukukhishwa kanzima okukhulu kwesikhumba, okwakunomumo we-tube test. UPierre Curie, ngemva kokulalela izikhala zakhe, wanquma ukuzama - amahora ayishumi wathatha ithubhu eboshwe engalweni yakhe, equkethe i-radium. Futhi ekugcineni wathola isilonda esinzima, esingazange siphulukise izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Ngakho sahlanza umbuzo wokuthi obani ososayensi baqala ukutholwa yi-radioactivity. Yilapho ithonya le-radioactivity eziphilayo eziphilayo zitholwa. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, umbhangqwana weCurie, endleleni, waqhubeka nokufunda izinto zokwelashwa, noMaria Curie bafa ngenxa yokugula kwama-radiation. Izinto zakhe zomuntu zigcinwa endaweni yokugcina ekhethiwe, ngoba umthamo we-radiation owawuthola cishe eminyakeni eyi-100 eyedlule usengozini kakhulu.