ImpiloImithi

Izingxenye isibindi. Sakhiwo umsebenzi kwesibindi

Isibindi yisona sakhiwo lesibili ngobukhulu emzimbeni - kuphela isikhumba likhulu futhi usinda. Isibindi umsebenzi kungaholela ekudleni ukugaya, umzimba, amasosha omzimba futhi isitoreji kwezakhi emzimbeni. Isibindi kuyinto isitho esibalulekile ngaphandle lapho izicubu emzimbeni sifo iyafa ngokushesha ngenxa yokuntuleka amandla kanye nezakhi. Ngenhlanhla, enesifo ikhono Amazing yokuvuselela futhi zingakhula ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze ubuyisele umsebenzi wabo kanye nosayizi. Ake sibheke lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti kwesibindi ngaphezulu.

komzimba womuntu Macroscopic

Isibindi ziyilungelo lomuntu ngaphansi diaphragm futhi has simise esingunxantathu. Iningi isisindo sayo itholakala ohlangothini lwesokudla, futhi kuphela ingxenye encane yawo budlulela ngale umugqa phakathi umzimba. Isibindi siqukethe soft kakhulu, izicubu Pinkish ansundu ebiyelwe capsule sezicubu zezinzwa (Glisson capsule). It ihlanganiswa futhi wasisekela yi peritoneum (ulwelwesi serous) we ingaphakathi lesisu, esivikela futhi uphethe endaweni ngaphakathi esiswini. Usayizi isilinganiso kwesibindi - mayelana 18 cm ubude futhi akukho ezingaphezu kuka-13 e ukujiya.

I peritoneum ixhunywe isibindi ezindaweni ezine: umsipha yenhliziyo, kwesokunxele nakwesokudla umsipha esingunxantathu futhi round umsipha. Lezi zinto zehlela akuzona kuphela ngomqondo yokwakheka; kunalokho, basuke onomfutho esifundeni besisu we ulwelwesi, lesekela isibindi.

• Wide umsipha yenhliziyo lebhokisi ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi isibindi ukuze diaphragm.

• Kutholwe kwi imingcele lateral kwesokunxele iyizingxenye kwesokudla, kwesokunxele kanye kwesokudla nemisipha esingunxantathu ukuxhuma umzimba nge diaphragm.

• I besigaxa izimisele ubabonisa downwardly kusukela beso ngokusebenzisa umphetho waphambili isibindi kuya phansi yayo. Ezansi umzimba umsipha lwalugobile wakha nxazonke umsipha Inthanethi isibindi kuya umbilicus. Umjikelezo umsipha insali ka vein enkabeni, ethwala igazi emzimbeni ngesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa sombungu.

Isibindi siqukethe iyizingxenye ezimbili ehlukile - kwesokunxele bese kwesokudla. Basuke bahlukana iviyo lwalugobile. I Lobe kwesokudla imayelana 6 izikhathi kunangendlela ngakwesobunxele. share ngayinye ihlukaniswe yaba imikhakha, okuyinto yena, zihlukaniswe izingxenye kwesibindi. Ngakho, umzimba ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili, 5 imikhakha 8 izingxenye. olunezinombolo Ngakho izingxenye isibindi zesi-roman.

share kwesokudla

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, namanoni aphezu kwesokudla isibindi cishe izikhathi 6 mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ngakwesobunxele. Siqukethe imikhakha emibili emikhulu: ilungelo wemboni ezilingene kwesokudla wemboni paramedian.

Kwesokudla wemboni lateral ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili lateral ezingesiyo ohlanganisa ne Lobe kwesokunxele isibindi: ilungelo lateral ingxenye verhnezadny ingxenyenamba (VII ingxenye) kanye lateral ingxenye nizhnezadny (VI ingxenye).

wemboni paramedian kwesokudla futhi sakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili: avareji begodu imidiyeni verhneperedny izingxenye isibindi nizhneperedny (VIII V, ngokulandelana).

I Lobe kwesokunxele

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi namanoni aphezu kwesokunxele isibindi lincane kwesokudla, it siqukethe inombolo enkulu izingxenye. It ihlukaniswe yaba imikhakha ezintathu: amaphiko ngakwesokunxele, washiya lateral, kwesokunxele wemboni paramedian.

Kwesobunxele amaphiko wemboni siqukethe ingxenye: ingxenye caudate we Lobe ngakwesokunxele (I).

Kwesobunxele wemboni lateral kakhulu, yakheke we ingxenye: ingxenye posterior we Lobe ngakwesokunxele (II).

I kwesokunxele wemboni paramedian ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: izingxenye isikwele phambi Lobe ngakwesokunxele (IV futhi III, ngokulandelana).

Ukuhlolisisa isakhiwo isibindi segmental unga ku izikimu letawulandzela. Ngokwesibonelo, Figure eyodwa okubonisa isibindi, okuyinto zibukeke ihlukaniswe zonke izingxenye zawo. Amazenge zibaliwe esibindini sibalo. inombolo ngayinye oluhambisana inani Latin ingxenye.

Umdwebo 1:

Bile capillary

Tubules abathwele Bile ngu sesibindi gallbladder, Bile ngokuthi ama-capillary futhi zakha isakhiwo branched - uhlelo biliary.

I Bile ezivezwa amaseli isibindi, ogeleza iziteshi ezincane - Bile capillary, elihlanganiswa ku emikhulu Bile mapayipi. Lezi Amapayipi Bile ke axhumene, ukwakha amagatsha amakhulu kwesokunxele nakwesokudla abahlebayo Bile kusuka kwesokudla futhi iyizingxenye isibindi kwesokunxele. Kamuva bahlanganiswa kwelinye imbobo ezivamile hepatic, okuyinto okushiya bonke Bile.

Common imbobo hepatic, ekugcineni ijoyina uvule imbobo fibrosis kusukela gallbladder. Bebonke bakha okuvame Bile imbobo ethwele Bile kuya duodenum emathunjini amancane. Iningi Bile ekhiqizwa isibindi, efakwa libuyiselwa fibrosis imbobo peristalsis, futhi lihlala gallbladder kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, kuze kube yilapho adingekayo ukugaya.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi

Isibindi Perfusion esiyingqayizivele. Igazi engena ke emithonjeni emibili: vein portal (igazi emithambo yegazi) kanye Umthambo hepatic (igazi lwemithambo).

Isango Vienna sithwala igazi elinikeza kusukela ubende, isisu, amanyikwe, nenyongo sesinye, amathumbu amancane omentum. Lapho bengena emasangweni isibindi, Vienna emithambo yegazi sehlukaniswe isibalo esikhulu zemikhumbi, lapho igazi icutshungulwe eziningi ngaphambi kokuba aye kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Ukushiya amaseli kwesibindi, igazi eqoqwe ngemithambo hepatic, zazo iwela cava vena, futhi ubuyela kuNkulunkulu inhliziyo.

Esikhathini isibindi Ubuye ohlelweni lwaso kwemithambo yegazi elincane ihambise umoya-mpilo ezicutshini kwalo ngendlela efanayo njengoba yimuphi umgwamanda.

tincetu

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi kwesibindi siqukethe cishe 100,000 encane amayunithi olunezinhlangothi obusebenzayo eyaziwa ngokuthi tincetu. lobule ngasinye siqukethe umthambo emaphakathi, portal hepatic ezungezwe 6 6 emithanjeni hepatic nokuvaleka kwemithambo. Lezi imithambo yegazi ezihlobene ne eziningi zalezi amashubhu capillary - sinusoids. Njengomhlaba zesondo, awabonisi kusukela emithanjeni portal nokuvaleka kwemithambo maqondana vein emaphakathi.

sinusoid ngamunye sidlula izicubu isibindi, equkethe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko amaseli: amaseli Kupffer futhi hepatocytes.

• Kupffer amaseli uhlobo macrophage. Ngamagama alula, bona abambe futhi ziwohloke ubudala, ezigugile amaseli abomvu egazi edabula wave sine.

• hepatocytes (amaseli isibindi) namangqamuzana cuboidal EPITHELIAL, okuyinto zitholakala phakathi sinusoids futhi siqukethe iningi lamaseli isibindi. Hepatocytes enze iningi imisebenzi kwesibindi - umzimba, isitoreji, ukugaya kanye ukukhiqizwa Bile. amaqoqo Amancane Bile, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-capillary yayo, sinusoids ukusebenzisa parallel kolunye uhlangothi hepatocytes.

uhlelo isibindi

Imfundiso esiyazi. Ake sibone ukuthi kubukeka kanjani kwesibindi womuntu. Izithombe nezincazelo zazo ingatholakala ngezansi. Njengoba omunye isithombe ayikwazi ukubonisa ngokuphelele emzimbeni, sisebenzisa ambalwa. Kulungile uma izithombe ezimbili ikhombisa okuyingxenye efanayo kwesibindi.

Figure 2:

Inombolo 2 imakwe ngokwayo kwesibindi womuntu. Izithombe kuleli cala ukuthi ayifaneleki, Ngakho-ke, ubheka isithombe sakhe. Okulandelayo izibalo, nokuthi imelelwa lesi sibalo:

1 - kwesokudla imbobo hepatic; 2 - isibindi; 3 - kwesokunxele imbobo hepatic; 4 - okuvame imbobo hepatic; 5 - okuvame Bile imbobo; 6 - amanyikwe; 7 - imbobo pancreatic; 8 - i-duodenum; 9 - sphincter ka Oddi; 10 - uvule imbobo fibrosis; 11 - gallbladder.

Figure 3:

Uma uke usibone uhlelo Atlas of komzimba womuntu, uyazi ukuthi liqukethe cishe isithombe esifanayo. Lapha, isibindi emelelwa ngaphambili:

1 - Vienna eziyize aphansi; 2 - umsipha lwalugobile; 3 - Lobe kwesokudla; 4 - kwesokunxele Lobe; 5 - round umsipha; 6 - gallbladder.

Figure 4:

Lesi sibalo sikhombisa kwesibindi ngakolunye uhlangothi. Nalapha futhi, I-Atlas of Human Anatomy iqukethe cishe efanayo:

1 - gallbladder; 2 - namanoni aphezu kwesokudla; 3 - kwesokunxele Lobe; 4 - uvule imbobo fibrosis; 5 - imbobo hepatic; 6 - Umthambo hepatic; 7 - Vienna hepatic portal; 8 - okuvame Bile imbobo; 9 - ephansi Vienna eziyize.

Figure 5:

Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ingxenye encane kakhulu sesibindi. Ezinye izincazelo: inombolo 7 figure libonisa portal triad - iqembu esihlanganisa vein hepatic portal, Umthambo hepatic futhi Bile imbobo.

1 - sinusoid hepatic; amaseli isibindi - 2; 3 - central Vienna; 4 - ukuze vein hepatic; 5 - Bile capillary; 6 - capillary emathunjini; 7 - «triad portal»; 8 -pechenochnaya esangweni Vienna; 9 - Umthambo hepatic; 10 - uvule imbobo Bile.

Umfanekiso 6:

Imibhalo Eqoshiwe ngesiNgisi elihunyushwe ngokuthi (kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla): ilungelo wemboni lateral, ilungelo wemboni paramedian, kwesokunxele wemboni paramedian washiya wemboni lateral. Izinombolo White isibindi izingxenye olunezinombolo, inombolo ngayinye oluhambisana inani ingxenye Latin:

1 - kwesokudla hepatic Vienna; 2 - eVienna hepatic; 3 - ngokwesilinganiso hepatic Vienna; 4 - enkabeni Vienna (zinsalela); 5 - imbobo hepatic; 6 - Vienna eziyize aphansi; 7 - Umthambo hepatic; 8 - esangweni Vienna; 9 - uvule imbobo Bile; 10 - uvule imbobo fibrosis; 11 - gallbladder.

I zomzimba kwesibindi

womuntu isibindi umsebenzi wehlukile kakhulu: ke efeza indima enkulu ukugaya kanye umzimba, futhi ngisho isitoreji izakhamzimba.

ukugaya

Isibindi uwuqondisa ngenkuthalo enqubeni wokugaya ukudla ngokusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa Bile. Bile inhlanganisela amanzi, nosawoti of Bile acid, i-cholesterol ne bilirubin sombala.

Ngemva hepatocytes esibindini ukukhiqiza Bile, udabula le Amapayipi Bile futhi lilondolozwe gallbladder kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, kuze ayisadingeki. Lapho ukudla equkethe amafutha ufinyelela duodenum, amaseli duodenal ukukhiqiza cholecystokinin-hormone okuthiwa i ephumula gallbladder. Bile, lihambe imbobo Bile engena duodenum, lapho inkulu emulsifies mass amafutha. Emulsification we Bile amafutha kwenza nezixhobo ezinkulu fat izingcezu ezincane, okuyinto abe surface area aphansi ngakhoke kulula kabusha.

Bilirubin elikhona Bile, isibindi iwumkhiqizo ngokucubungula igugile amangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Kupffer lamaseli isibindi ukubamba futhi abhubhise ubudala, igugile amangqamuzana abomvu adlulisele kubo kuya hepatocytes. Esikhathini esidlule isiphetho-hemoglobin - ihlukaniswe yaba amaqembu heme futhi globin. Globin amaprotheni okwengeziwe ululazekile futhi wasebenzisa njengoba umthombo energy ingeyomzimba. Iron-equkethe i-heme iqembu angeke umzimba kabusha futhi umane iguqulwe ukuze bilirubin, okuyinto yengezwe Bile. It bilirubin unika Bile umbala yaso eyingqayizivele oluhlaza. amagciwane emathunjini zibuye ibe bilirubin strekobilin sombala brown elisinika indle ensundu.

umzimba

Isibindi hepatocytes icala eziningi izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlobene izinqubo umzimba. Njengoba lonke igazi kokushiya isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene, sidlula vein portal hepatic, isibindi unesibopho metabolizing carbohydrate, lipids kanye namaprotheni izinto eziphila ewusizo.

Uhlelo lwethu wokugaya ukudla ahlahlele carbohydrate ku monosaccharide glucose ukuthi amaseli asetshenziswa njengoba primary umthombo wamandla. Igazi ngokufaka isibindi nge vein portal hepatic, kuyinto zinothile glucose kusuka ukudla okugayiwe. Hepatocytes ukuncela iningi glucose futhi sikugcine njengoba glycogen macromolecule, a polysaccharide branched, okuyinto ivumela isibindi ukugcina esiningi ne-glucose ngokushesha ukuyikhulula phakathi ukudla. Ukunciphisa nokukhululwa glucose ngu hepatocytes ukusiza ukugcina homeostasis futhi ephansi igazi glucose.

Okunamafutha acid (lipids), igazi edabula isibindi, kugaywe futhi amuncwa hepatocytes kute kukhicitwe emandla e uhlobo ATP. Glycerol, ingxenye lipid e hepatocytes siguqulwe glucose ngokusebenzisa inqubo gluconeogenesis. Hepatocytes kungase kubangele lipids ezifana cholesterol, phospholipids futhi lipoproteins, ezisetshenziswa ngamanye amaseli wonke umzimba. Iningi cholesterol ezivezwa hepatocytes, lisuselwa umzimba njengendlela wengxenye ye Bile.

abaphukile amaprotheni zokudla phansi ama-amino acid wokugaya ukudla ngisho nangaphambi kokuba idluliselwe vein portal hepatic. I amino acid bengena isibindi, umzimba edinga ukucutshungulwa ngaphambi kokuba kungasetshenziswa njengoba umthombo energy. Hepatocytes aqalwa asuswe iqembu acid we Amine bese siguqulwa ammonia, okuyinto ekugcineni ibe urea.

Urea lingaphansi anobuthi kuka-ammonia, futhi kungenzeka behlukaniswe nomphakathi umchamo njengoba umkhiqizo sadlala ukugaya. abaphukile Ingxenye esele okuvela kuyo le amino acid phansi ATP noma iguqulwe zibe amangqamuzana amasha glucose ngokusebenzisa inqubo gluconeogenesis.

kobuthi egazini

Njengoba igazi ngokweqile, izitho zokugaya sidlula portal kwesibindi ukugeleza kwegazi, okuqukethwe igazi ukulawula hepatocytes futhi isuswe izinto eziningi engase anobuthi, ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele lonke umzimba.

Enzyme hepatocytes ukuguqula ku metabolites sokungenzi lutho eziningi zalezi ubuthi (isib, utshwala noma izidakamizwa). Ukuze silondoloze izinga lama-hormone e imikhawulo homeostatic, isibindi futhi agaya futhi kususa kusukela hormone kwegazi ezivezwa nezindlala emzimbeni uqobo.

isitoreji

Isibindi inikeza isitoreji eziningi izakhi ezibalulekile, amavithamini namaminerali etholwe kusukela egazini lika-ukudluliswa ngohlelo portal hepatic. Glucose is uthuthwa hepatocytes bedle insulin i-hormone futhi agcinwe njengoba glycogen polysaccharide. Hepatocytes futhi adonsa futhi fatty acid we triglyceride udle. Isitoreji lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu ivumela isibindi ukuze silondoloze homeostasis glucose egazini.

isibindi sethu ibuye igcine amavithamini namaminerali (ngamavithamini A, D, E, i-K no-B-12, namaminerali lensimbi nelethusi) ukuze kuqinisekiswe siwuthole njalo izinto ezibalulekile ezicutshini zomzimba.

ukukhiqizwa

Isibindi unesibopho ukukhiqiza eziningi ezibalulekile amaprotheni izingxenye plasma: prothrombin, fibrinogen futhi-albumin. Prothrombin futhi fibrinogen amaprotheni kukhona coagulation izici ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni amahlule. Albumins ngamaphrotheni ukuthi silondoloze igazi naphakathi isotonic ukuze asemangqamuzaneni omzimba musa akhuluphale noma anciphise yamanzi khona uketshezi lomzimba.

amasosha omzimba

Imisebenzi isibindi njengoba isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi Kupffer amaseli. Kupffer amaseli macrophage, phagocytes mononuclear eziyingxenye uhlelo kanye macrophage we ubende kanye zamanzi. Kupffer amaseli zidlala indima ebalulekile, njengoba amabhaktheriya kusetshenzwe, ama-fungus, eziwuhlupho, zamangqamuzana abomvu egazi ezigugile doti yeselula.

Ultrasound isibindi: kuyinsakavukela kanye nokusuka

Isibindi wenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emzimbeni wethu, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kwakungenxa kuyinsakavukela njalo. Sikhishwe yokuthi kwesibindi ayikwazi sigule ngenxa yokuthi alinaso eziyimpumelelo emsipheni, awukwazi ukubona ukuthi isimo singathembisi. Imane zingase zephule phansi, kancane kancane, kodwa ukuphela kwayo kamuva ngeke ukwelapha.

Kunezindlela eziningana izifo zesibindi lapho ungenalo ngisho wokuthi kunokuthile okwakubaluleke ungalungiseki. Umuntu angaphila isikhathi eside futhi uzibheka enempilo, kodwa ekugcineni kuvela ukuthi anakho sibe sesomile noma nomdlavuza wesibindi. Futhi lokhu ngeke kushintshe.

Nakuba sesibindi has impahla ukululama, yena neze ukuba sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo izifo ezinjalo. Ngezinye izikhathi yena udinga usizo lwakho.

Ukuze ugweme izinkinga engenamsebenzi, ngezinye izikhathi ngokwanele nje ukuya kudokotela wenze ultrasound kwesibindi, ngesilinganiso okuyinto kuchaziwe ngezansi. Khumbula ukuthi isibindi elihlobene ne izifo eziyingozi kakhulu ezifana isifo sokusha kwesibindi, ukuthi ngaphandle ukwelashwa okufanelekile kungaholela isikhathi pathologies ezinzima ezifana isifo sokusha nomdlavuza.

Manje ake uye ngqo US kanye nezinkambiso yayo. I uchwepheshe kuqala ubukeka ukubona uma isibindi nokuthi yini lingakanani is offset.

Usayizi ngqo kwesibindi ayikwazi icaciswe njengeyunithi ngeso lengqondo ngokugcwele emzimbeni engenakwenzeka. Imininingwane obuphelele umzimba kumele singeqi 18 cm. Physicians baphathane ingxenye eceleni isibindi.

Ake uqale nge iqiniso lokuthi ultrasound isibindi kufanele ibonakale ezimbili zayo, kanye nemikhakha lapho bahlukene. Ngesikhathi nemisipha efanayo (okungukuthi, zonke nemisipha) kumele zingabonakali. Lolu cwaningo ivumela odokotela ukufunda zonke izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili eceleni, ngoba, kakhulu, kuyabonakala kalula.

Norm izilinganiso ilungelo namanoni aphezu kwesokunxele

I Lobe kwesokunxele kufanele ibe mayelana 7 cm ukujiya kanye mayelana 10 cm ubude. Ukwandisa ubukhulu uthi ngezinkinga zempilo okungenzeka ukuthi une ukuvuvukala kwesibindi. I Lobe kwesokudla, okuyinto izinga - mayelana 12 cm ukujiya kanye kufika ku-15 cm ubude, njengoba ungabona kangaka kwesokunxele ngaphezulu.

Ngaphezu umzimba, odokotela kumelwe ubuyekeze uphinde Bile imbobo, kanye imikhumbi emikhulu igazi kwesibindi. Usayizi imbobo Bile, isibonelo, kufanele kube hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-8 mm, portal Vienna - mayelana 12 mm kanti Vienna eziyize - 15 mm.

Ukuze odokotela akuzona kuphela izitho zobukhulu, kodwa futhi oyiyo, umzimba wabuka nezicubu.

komzimba womuntu (isibindi, okuyinto isitho eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu) - ngempela into ethakazelisayo. Akukho lutho ezithakazelisayo ezingaphezu kuka ukuqonda isakhiwo ngokwaso. Ngezinye izikhathi singakwazi ukusindisa ngisho wena ezifweni engadingeki. Futhi uma uqaphelisisa, izinkinga kungagwenywa. Uhambo oluya udokotela - akusiyo njengoba scary njengoba kubonakala. Hlala uphilile!

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