I-Vienna Congress: ukuhlukaniswa kweYurophu ngekhulu le-19

Ezinsukwini zokugcina zika-Mashi 1814, amabutho ase-Allied aphumelela eParis. Lokhu kwakusho ukunqotshwa ngokuphelele kweNapoleonic France nokuphela kokuphela kwempi yaseYurophu ende. U-Napoleon ngokwakhe washiya amandla futhi waxoshwa ku-Elba, futhi ababambisana nabo behluleka ukuhlala etafuleni lokuxoxisana ukuze balondoloze ibalazwe lamazwe aseYurophu.

Kuze kube sekugcineni, i-Vienna Congress yabizwa, eyayiqhutshwa e-Austria ngo-1814-1815. Kwakukhona abameleli baseRussia, eNgilandi, e-Austria, ePrussia, eFrance nasePortugal.

Izingqinamba eziyinhloko ezixoxwa ngazo: ukubuyiswa kabusha kweYurophu ngokumelene namazwe anqobile, ukubuyiswa kwamandla okubusa kwamanye amazwe eYurophu nokuvimbela noma yikuphi ukubuyisela kukaNapoleon amandla.

EFrance, abameleli bendlu kaBourbon babuyiselwa emuva, futhi lesi sihlalo sasigcinwe uLouis XVIII, oyindlalifa esondelene kakhulu neLouis XVI owabulawa . Ngaphezu kwalokho, abawinile babefuna ukubuyisela isimiso esidala - i-feudal nobility-absolutist. Yiqiniso, emva kwemipumelelo yezombangazwe ye-Revolution yesiFulentshi, le njongo yayingakaze ibe yilapho, kodwa iminyaka eminingi, i-Europe ingene embusweni we-conservatism nokuphendula.

Inkinga enkulu kwakuwukubuyiswa komhlaba, ikakhulu ePoland naseSaxony. Umbusi waseRussia u-Alexander I wayefuna ukunxusa amazwe asePoland ensimini yaseRussia, futhi anike iSaxony amandla ePrussia. Kodwa abamele u-Austria, iBrithani neFrance nganoma iyiphi indlela bavimbela isinqumo esinjalo. Baze basayina isivumelwano semfihlo sokubambisana ngokumelene nezifiso zomhlaba zasePrussia naseRussia, ngakho esigabeni sokuqala ukwabiwa okunjalo akuzange kwenzeke.

Ngokuvamile, iCongress of Vienna yabonisa ukuthi ukuphakama okukhulu kwamandla kwakubonakala eRussia, ePrussia, eNgilandi nase-Austria. Ukuxoxisana nokuzondana phakathi kwabo, abamele la mazwe benza ukubuyiswa okukhulu kweYurophu.

Entwasahlobo ka-1815 uNapoleon waphumelela e-Elbe, wafika eFrance futhi waqala umkhankaso omusha wezempi. Kodwa-ke, masinyane amasosha akhe ahlukunyezwa ngokuphelele e-Waterloo, kanti i-Vienna Congress ye-1815 yaqala ukusebenza ngendlela yokusheshisa. Manje abahlanganyeli bayo bazama ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukwenza izinqumo zokugcina ngesakhiwo seYurophu.

Ekuqaleni kukaJulayi ngo-1815, isenzo esiphezulu se-congress sisayinwe, ngokusho ukuthi iFrance yayinqatshelwe yini wonke amazwe ashaywe ngaphambili. I-Warsaw Duchy, manje ebizwa ngokuthi uMbuso wasePoland, iye yathuthela eRussia. I-Rhineland, iPoznan, i-Westphalia kanye neningi lamaSaxony lathunyelwa ePrussia. I-Austria yenezela eLombardy, eGalicia naseVenice endaweni yayo, futhi ngokubambisana kweNorthern German Principalities (i-German Union) leli zwe lalinethonya elikhulu. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwathinta izithakazelo zombuso wasePrussia.

E-Italy, uMbuso waseSardinia wabuyiselwa, wanezela wona eSavoy naseNicon, ngenkathi eqinisekisa amalungelo ombuso waseSavoy. I-Tuscany, i-Modena ne-Parma idluliselwe ngaphansi kwegunya labameleli base-Austria baseHabsburg. IRoma yaphinde yadluliswa ngaphansi kwegunya likaPapa, owathola wonke amalungelo angaphambilini. E-Naples, isihlalo sobukhosi samaBourbons sasihlezi. Yakha i-Netherlands Umbuso we-Holland neBelgium.

IJalimane elincane lithi iNapoleon isusiwe, iningi lazo alizange libuyiselwe. Inani labo eliphelele liye lahla cishe izikhathi eziyishumi. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlukaniswa kweJalimane, okwakunamazwe angu-38, kuye kwasala okufanayo.

ENgilandi, amazwe aseKoloni, eFrance naseHolland adluliselwa emazweni angama-colonial. Iziqhingi zaseMalta naseCeylon, iCape of Good Hope, iGuana, iziqhingi zase-Ionian seziqedile embusweni waseBrithani.

Kwasungulwa ama-canton ayisishiyagalolunye aseSwitzerland, athi "ukungathathi hlangothi okuphakade". I-Norway yathunyelwa eSweden, yayikhipha eDenmark.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, wonke amazwe aseYurophu athi ngaphandle kokungesabi ayeyesaba ukuqiniswa ngokweqile eRussia, ngoba leli lizwe lalingumqoqo wamabutho aseNapoleonic.

Ingqungquthela yaseVienna iphelile ngalokhu, kodwa ekupheleni kuka-1815 u-Alexander I wanquma ukuhlanganisa i-oda elisha laseYurophu futhi amise ubukhulu baseRussia naseNgilandi. Ngokwesinyathelo sakhe, isivumelwano sisayinwe ekudalweni kwe- Holy Alliance, ehlanganisa u-Austria, iPrussia noMbuso waseRussia. Ngokwezivumelwano, lezi zithembiso zithembisa ukusizana uma kwenzeka izinguquko noma ukuvuswa okuthandwayo.

I-Congress yaseVienna nezinqumo zayo zinefuthe elikhulu kulo lonke uhlelo lweYurophu. Kuphela ngemva kuka-1917, lapho iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala iphelile, insimu yaseYurophu izophinde ibuyele kabusha.