Ukuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol

Ukuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol eRussia kwashiya uphawu oluphawulekayo emlandweni wezwe. Ngisho namakhulu eminyaka kamuva, izazi-mlando ziqhubeka nokufunda le nkathi enzima, izici eziyinhloko ezaziyizigqila nokuchitha igazi. Ijoka elide le-Golden Horde laliyingqopha-mlando ephawulekayo ngoba yayihlala cishe amakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu. Ukuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol kwaqala ngekhulu le-13, ekuqaleni kwawo. Impi yokuqala phakathi kwamaRussia namaMongol kwenzeka ngo-1223 eMfuleni iKalka. Kulo mpi, ibutho laseRussia lahlulwa ngokuphelele ngabantu base-steppe, nezikhulu eziyisithupha zaseRussia zawela empini.

Ukubusa kwesinye ikholo namasiko esikhathini eside akushiyelanga nje umlando ophawulekayo emlandweni weRussia, kodwa futhi kwaqamba ukuthuthukiswa komlando okuqhubekayo. Yayiyini umbuso waseRussia ngalezo zinsuku? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi izindawo ezinkulu zawela ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaTatars namaMongolia? Izazi-mlando zibuyela ngokuphindaphindiwe ekutadisheni le nkinga futhi zivumelane ngokungavumelani kokunye: ukungathandi kwamandla amakhulu ngaleso sikhathi ukuhlanganisa umbuso owodwa onamandla kwabenza baba yisisulu esilula se-armada ye-nomads. Ukuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol, engakutholanga ukumelana okwanele, yakwazi ukuthatha izindawo eziningi zaseRussia.

Emadolobheni amakhulu aseRussia kwakukhona izakhamuzi ezingaba ngu-20-30. Lapho bevinjelwe, babekwazi ukunikeza abavikeli abangu-10 000 abahlomile. Amadolobha amakhulu ayezivikela, ayedwa kanye nabahlaseli, ehamba ibutho, inani lama-60-70, ngaphandle kokubunzima ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje, ebeka umyalo wabo yonke indawo.

Ukuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol ngokushesha kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi umyalelo ohlukile wasungulwa ensimini kaRussia. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, izikhulu zaseRussia zazivame ukuhamba ngomnsalo eHorde futhi zashiya izingane zazo lapho njengeziboshwa. I-Khans yakhipha amalebula akhethekile ezikhulwini, okusho ukuthi kukhona ilungelo elithile lokubusa, okwasebenza kuze kube yingxenye yesibili yekhulu leshumi nane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Khans yaphoqa izikhulu zaseRussia, ngokulandelana kwazo kuqala, ukuthumela amaqhawe angcono kakhulu empini emkhankasweni. Izikhulu zaseRussia ngaleso sikhathi zazingama-Golden Horde kuphela.

Phakathi neminyaka engu-50 yekhulu le-13, ukuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol eRussia, ngokusho kwezombhishobhi, kwafaka isandla ekubhujisweni kwezomnotho kwezwe. UBala unesimiso esihle kakhulu sokuqoqa intela, saqoqwa ngabathengisi abakhethekile abamaSulumane, ababizwa ngokuthi "bersermen". Bakhokhele ilungelo labo lokukhokha intela kumbusi, uMongol khan. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-14 zentela ezahlukene. Ukuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol kwakunesici esithakazelisayo, esasiwukuthi abafundisi kuphela abakhululiwe ekudleni.

Ngo-1262, abantu baseRussia abahlubukayo baxosha abaqoqi futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi kwakukhona ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kweHorde Horde noMbuso waseMongolia. Abaphathi be-Golden Horde eRussia lasendulo babebizwa ngokuthi "amakhosi", njengaseByzantium.

Ukuhlasela kweMongolia waseRussia kanye nokulandela kwayo kuzophenywa ngabafundi bomlando ngamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, kodwa noma yikuphi ukuphikisana okunikezwayo, ukugqilazwa kwesizwe esisodwa ngomunye, ukutshala okuphoqelelwe kokholo, amasiko namasiko akuzange kuzuze isimo esisodwa emlandweni. Ukugxila kwesinye isizwe kwesinye isikhathi kubhekana nokubhujiswa komhlaba kanye nokwehla kwezomnotho. Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, mhlawumbe kulesi sihloko akukho ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okukhulu kweRussia kamuva okuqhathaniswa namazwe aseMpumalanga aphumelele kakhulu. Phakathi neminyaka yokunqotshwa, iRussia yayisezingeni eliphakeme lentuthuko emibuthanweni yezenhlalakahle kunezoMongol-Tatars, ngakho iminyaka yobugqila yaba yisinyathelo esibalulekile emuva. Kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi ngaleso sikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini eyinkimbinkimbi kwaphela, okuyinto ngokungangabazeki eyasiza ekunciphiseni. Imizi yaseRussi yabhujiswa, futhi izakhiwo ezintsha azange zakhiwe, abantu bezwe bawela ngamandla, futhi kwamanye amadolobha nemizana impilo ayizange ivuselele emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.

Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol eRussia kanye nemiphumela yayo kuye kwabathinta amakhulu eminyaka endleleni yokuthuthukiswa kwezwe lakithi, okuphuma kancane ngaphansi kwejoka, kancane kancane kwaqala ukuvuselela nokuqinisa. Ososayensi bayaqiniseka ukuthi kwaba phakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho izisekelo zombuso waseRussia ozayo zibekiwe. Yizinkinga ezazisungula abantu baseRussia futhi zanikela ekwakheni izisekelo zokwakha isimo esihlanganisiwe esizayo.