Sakhiwo sangaphandle futhi sangaphakathi izinyoni. Izibilini izinyoni

Isiphi isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle izinyoni? Uyini umehluko kusuka kwamanye amakilasi kwezilwane? Yiziphi izimpawu eziyizici enezimpiko? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo zingatholakala kulesi sihloko.

izici Jikelele izinyoni

Izinyoni - isigaba izilwane, isidumbu embozwe izimpaphe. Banezinhliziyo lokushisa emzimbeni njalo futhi high futhi esebenzayo ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Ikhono fly kuyisici sobuntu iningi amalungu alesi sigaba. isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle subordinated kule izinyoni ethile.

Izinyoni kalula sokufaka kuncike kule mibandela. With ikhono fly ekilasini kwandile, atholakala ezihlukahlukene izimo emhlabeni wonke. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-9,000 zezinyoni.

Izinyoni futhi wawubonisa ukukhathazeka evelele nenzalo yakhe siqu. Lokuzaliswa kwenzeka esebenzisa ezinkulu, embozwe amaqanda lime igobolondo.

Sakhiwo sangaphandle izinyoni

umzimba lenyoni siqukethe ekhanda, emqaleni nasemhlane ephathekayo, umzimba ezimise ibhokisi lohlu olwehlisiwe futhi emikhawulweni. Isikhumba - mncane futhi ezomile ngenxa yokuntuleka nezindlala isikhumba. izinyoni Iningi kukhona yensimbi, esebenza gcoba feather - coccygeal. Ikakhulukazi kahle lakhiwa kusuka Waterfowl. Imfihlo, indlala ethakwa, iyindawo esetshenziselwa ukugcina izimpaphe kuyaqina futhi lubasize bagweme ukuthola ezimanzi. Kwezinye zilwane (izintshe, zopholi, amajuba bustards) lubricating umsebenzi wenziwa powdery izimpaphe okhethekile, nasekuhlephuleni ukwakha powder.

Inyoni Kungaletha ezihlukahlukene neziqu ku Uqhwaku, imilenze, ikhanda. Kwezinye zezinyoni (ezifana raptors nopholi), base Uqhwaku ivaliwe cere esithambile. On the izinyawo ipuleti kungaba, fimbria, ulwelwesi.

Sakhiwo sangaphandle futhi sangaphakathi izinyoni incike yokuphila. komzimba, ikhanda, izinyawo nomsila, amaphiko kungaba ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Konke kuncike imvelo nezindlela yokuthola ukudla.

Sakhiwo sangaphandle izinyoni. feathering

Kuphela Class Aves izimpaphe esingokwemvelo, ngakho abizwa ngokuthi futhi izinyoni. I izimpaphe okumelwe wenziwe phakathi nesikhathi emzimbeni futhi ulunika umumo ovikelekile. Cover ungukukhanya futhi azigcina ukushisa kahle, esiza amaqanda ukuchamisela. Ezinye izimpaphe, ngenxa isakhiwo sabo, ukuvumela indiza (indiza izimpaphe zesisila).

Sami izimpaphe nemikhiqizo kwesikhumba, efana isikali ezihuquzelayo. Isakhiwo ipeni linamandla: umboko wayo siqukethe induku obukhulu ophela quill (ekugcineni eziyize). Webs anamekwe induku. Zakhiwa amapuleti Horny - enameva. Kusukela induku ehlukana enameva nge amagatsha, ngokuthi la ma-barbule. Ezinye zazo ngithuka ngezingwegwe, lapho uxhumeke nge angomakhelwane la ma-barbule ngaphandle izingwegwe. ngepeni ezinkulu zingase aqukethe kwesigidi la ma-barbule.

Lesi sakhiwo inikeza webs kwabantu. Phakathi indiza ngokusebenzisa ipeni kungathatha impela kancane emoyeni. Lapho la ma-barbule disunite, umlomo wenyoni ale nyoni ngeke ukuwalungisa lapho wokuhlanza izimpaphe.

Njengoba ukusebenza izimpaphe zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: downy, futhi ukunquma nentaba. Thina downy izimpaphe fan okuxekethile. Futhi, kukhona nje fluff - izimpaphe, ehlanganisa ngokuyisisekelo elilodwa la ma-barbule, ngenduku ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele. Kukhona bristle izimpaphe, okuyinto, kunalokho, siqukethe nenduku, kunjalo akukho la ma-barbule. Kukhona izinwele-efana izimpaphe, okuyinto inikezwa umsebenzi touch. Contour izimpaphe zingahlukaniswa zibe primaries, ayo, opaque nokokuzimboza. Uhlobo ngalunye ngepeni lucwaningo umsebenzi walo. umbala Ezihlukahlukene izimpaphe kubangelwa khona zombala.

Kokudonseka uhlelo

Izici Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinyoni elihlobene ne-imfanelo esingokwemvelo enezimpiko kuphela - ikhono fly. Uhlaka lwamathambo inyoni kulula, kodwa buyimfanelo enamandla kakhulu, siqukethe amathambo mncane eziyize. Lihlanganisa Yekhanda, emgogodleni, izitho zomzimba nezitho zomzimba amathambo ibhande. Uhlaka lwamathambo ivikela izitho zangaphakathi.

I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinyoni kuhilela yenqwaba ugebhezi. Elingenalutho emihlathini lakhulisiwe ukwakha namazinyo uqhwaku azikho. Emgogodleni ihlukaniswe 5 izigaba: wesibeletho, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal. Amathambo nomgogodla wesibeletho akheke ekhethekile, lapho le nyoni ungavula yayo degrees ikhanda 180.

amathambo thoracic sikhule ndawonye ukuze zakhe ubuzalwane ithambo elilodwa, okuyinto anamekwe izimbambo. Ngesikhathi ezindizayo phezu sternum has a keel. Lena yayifanekisela nomxhantela ezinkulu ku zazo ogibele iphiko imisipha enamandla. Amathambo we lumbar nomgogodla sacral futhi tho ukuhlinzeka ukwesekwa kuhle ukhalo nomsila yindikimba ithambo elilodwa coccygeal ube usekelo umsila izimpaphe.

Ehlombe ibhande siqukethe amabhangqa amathathu amathambo: i-clavicle, scapula namathambo likhale sika. Iphiko siqukethe humerus, ibhodi lemisindo futhi isandla amathambo. amathambo okhalo tho nge amathambo futhi ngikhonze njengomshumayeli wesikhathi usekelo nasemilenzeni aphansi. Umlenze siqukethe senyonga drumstick, waseTarsu (eziningana amathambo tho senyawo) neminwe.

Imisipha izinyoni, esisogwini keel ehlombe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza wamaphiko. Ngesikhathi imisipha ezindizayo izinyoni kule ngxenye is ikakhulukazi kahle. Imisipha yentamo ukunikeza ukuhamba ikhanda. Ngokuthakazelisayo isakhiwo sangaphakathi izinyoni isakhiwo imisipha futhi imisipha yezingalo nemilenze aphansi. Through the emalungeni imilenze kuthiwa wadonsa umsipha, okuyinto anqamule eminweni. Lapho inyoni lihlala phezu kwesihlahla egoba imilenze, le imisipha zinwetshwe neminwe izithandele egatsheni. Siyabonga kulesi sici, izinyoni angalali on amagatsha, iminwe yabo unclenched.

uhlelo alimentary

Siyaqhubeka ukutadisha Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinyoni. izici Jikelele iqala engxenyeni yokuqala wokugaya ukudla - Uqhwaku. Kuyinto ithambo emhlathini, embozwe uphondo izembozo. Ukuma Uqhwaku incike indlela yokuthola ukudla. Kwamazinyo izinyoni khona. Ukudla kugwinyiwe lonke by ucezu olukhulu ngosizo uqhwaku senyoni kungaba Dabula izingcezu efanelekayo.

Emphinjeni enezimpiko bakwazi kakhulu yokwelula. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni Ungagcwalisa ngayo ukudla ungazizwa ukungakhululeki. Ekupheleni emphinjeni kungaba goiter - extension ekhethekile aguqulelwe supply yokudla.

Isisu izinyoni siqukethe umnyango yezindlala kanye kwemisipha. Eyokuqala kwenzeka uketshezi of juice esiswini, lapho ithambisa ukudla, kanti eyesibili ukugaya yayo. Le nqubo neqhaza amatshe okuyinto zigwinye izinyoni. Ngemva kwesisu kufanele amathumbu, ophela cesspool. I cloaca futhi ureters ovulekile futhi okukhipha emkhondweni Izitho zokuzala.

umgudu wokuphefumula

Siyaqhubeka ukuhlola izibilini izinyoni. I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinyoni kungaphansi isidingo sokuqinisekisa indiza. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, futhi umgudu wokuphefumula, okumelelwe ukukhanya hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izikhwama emoyeni elise isikhala khulula phakathi kwezitho zangaphakathi. Lezi izikhwama uxhumeke kwi-ukukhanya, futhi siphathiswe umsebenzi obalulekile ukuhlinzeka ukuphefumula ngesikhathi indiza. Ngezinye ukuphumula inyoni uphefumula ukukhanya, esifubeni ukusebenza.

Uma indiza, sibonga umsebenzi amaphiko, i-sacs emoyeni ukunwebeka nokuncipha, efutha emaphashini. Ngokushesha inyoni ikwazi ukubhakuzisa amaphiko ayo, kuba ilapho zithola okwengeziwe ukwehla kwe-air bag. Ngokwesibonelo, ijuba kukodwa kwenza 26 nomoya ngesikhathi indiza - ukuze 400. Ngenxa asebenzayo air kwegazi, yenkukhu umzimba selehlile. emoyeni kusukela izikhwama ukuphefumula ahlanganiswe-mpilo emaphashini, okuyinto kuvimbela izinyoni ucishe.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi zezinyoni

Izici Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinyoni kungatholakala ngokutadisha isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, okumelelwe tindilinga letimbili kwegazi futhi inhliziyo emine chambered. Elikhulu futhi emibuthanweni elincane kwegazi ahlukaniswe ngokuphelele, okusho lwemithambo negazi emithambo yegazi akuhlangani. Inhliziyo siqukethe Atria emibili ventricles ezimbili.

Imisipha yenhliziyo uyakwazi ukusheshisa umsebenzi wayo kaningi, isibonelo lapho esephumule inhliziyo ijuba kuyehla izikhathi 165 ngomzuzu, futhi ngesikhathi indiza - izikhathi ezingu-550. Izici isakhiwo sokuhamba kwegazi yezinyoni kubangelwa ezingeni lelisetulu umzimba. Inhliziyo has a yenqwaba, ishayela ngokushesha, igazi ligcwele umoya-mpilo futhi ushukela - konke lokhu elinikeza benezincwadi okukhulu zonke izinhlaka ezidingekayo, nokususwa okusheshayo imikhiqizo umzimba.

izinzwa

izitho olfactory yezinyoni kabi athuthukile. izinyoni Iningi ophucwa ithuba ukuhlukanisa iphunga. I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinyoni, ikakhulukazi ukuzwa, kuyinto atfutfuke kakhulu kunemakhono ukuthi ezihuquzelayo. Ama-ejensi izindlebe ethulwa kwangaphakathi, phakathi futhi indlebe yangaphandle. Lesi sakamuva siqukethe zangaphandle sokuzwa meatus ukujula, isikhumba anezinhlaka folds nezibaya ekhethekile.

Izinyoni kuthiwa evuthiwe izinhlaka umbono. Amehlo sakhiwo esikhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuzwela ezinhle. umbono Umbala athuthukile kungcono kunokwabanye nakwezinye izilwane eziningi. Izinkukhu ukuhlukanisa inani elikhulu shades. Nge ijubane eliphezulu elangakwesokudla kwendiza ikuvumela ukuba bahlole isimo bekude, kodwa futhi izinto ngamasentimitha ambalwa, le nyoni kuyamcacela.

isimiso sezinzwa

Uma indiza, izinyoni enze ukunyakaza eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho cerebellum unesibopho wokuxhumanisa, inkulu. Ama olfactory nazo athuthukiswe kahle. Nenkabazwe forebrain anda. I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinyoni, ingqondo yabo nesimiso sezinzwa Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso ngezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi wezinyoni.

izenzo Iningi ngokomzwelo wemvelo - ukwakhiwa esidlekeni, bobabili, ukunakekela inzalo. Kodwa ngeminyaka, izinyoni bayakwazi ukufunda. Uma amaphuphu lingabesabi indoda, abanye abadala bayabesaba abantu. Zingaba esihlukile i umzingeli bengahlomile futhi iqhude Ungaqonda ukuthi kule esandleni sendoda - induku noma isibhamu.

Ezinye izinyoni azi abantu bavame wapha, trainable futhi ukwazi ukulingisa umsindo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi inkulumo yomuntu.

uhlelo Excretory nekutala

Cabanga excretory futhi uhlelo zokuzala, isakhiwo kanye zizalela yangaphakathi izinyoni zabo. Njengoba umzimba yanda e izinyoni, ezinkulu efihlekile. Lemigwamanda metanephric abhanqiwe ihlukaniswe izindwani ezintathu futhi ngaphansi izindonga amaphiko okhalo. Wahlukana nabo ureters ukuvula phakathi cloaca. Esinyeni izinyoni khona. imfucuza, ehlanganisa ngokuyinhloko uric acid, ngokushesha kusulwe umzimba.

isitho Copulatory e izinyoni abaningi bengakwenzi lokhu. Testes, okwandisa ubukhulu ngesikhathi zokuzala, okukhipha okuqukethwe ngokusebenzisa isiteshi vesicle kwesidoda Itholakala cesspool.

I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinyoni, ukuba ngqo, izitho zesifazane zokuzala, inezici ezithakazelisayo. Baye basungula kuphela esibelethweni kwesokunxele bese oviduct, ilungelo ngokuvamile esingesihle. Kungenzeka lokhu kungenxa yokuntuleka isikhala ukwakheka ngesikhathi esisodwa amaqanda ezinkulu. Isuka kusukela oviduct esibelethweni, okuyinto ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana: i-eside fallopian tube, mncane-ngodonga kanye ububanzi futhi ayibanzi kwesibeletho emomozini esivula phakathi cloaca. Ukuze afeze insemination, iduna ngazo cloaca yakhe eya cloaca zesifazane.

Lokuzaliswa nokunakekela yenzalo

Sesihlole isakhiwo sangaphakathi izinyoni. Biology hhayi kuphela wafunda anatomy, kodwa futhi uhlaziya ukuziphatha izilwane. Ake sixoxe inqubo ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengoba ukukhiqizwa nokunakekela izingane izinyoni.

Phakathi nenkathi yokuzalela siyeza, lapho kukhona ukudla okwanele. izinyoni zethu - entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Kodwa ukukhiqizwa kabusha e izinyoni igcinwe ekuthunjweni, ezifana zokuhlobisa, inkanuko ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka, okwandisa zokwandisa nokuthuthukisa umsoco ukudla.

izinyoni Iningi amancane kanye naphakathi zibhangqwe isizini, ngokwakha umbimbi nezinye ezinkulu ukungasebenzisi engapheli. Can zakha imihlambi okuyinto akhiwa pair of isikhathi. Ukukhetha-Partner akuyona okungahleliwe. Tokuyut abesilisa ukuze zidonse ukunaka kwanoma nabesifazane: izimpaphe esakaza, wakhipha imisindo ekhethekile angene iziqubu.

Izinhlobo eziningi amaqanda esidlekeni, okuyinto zingafakwa emhlabathini, ezihlahleni, sezihlahla, emigodini, Burrows. Egg shell ivikela eqinile, okwakuvame ukuba umbala ukumaska.

Ngo zinhlobo precocial (izinkukhu, amadada, goose, grouse ahlanzekile agcwele izinhlanzi namahansi) amaphuphu ziyaphuma iqanda ne nivulé amehlo futhi embozwe fuzz. Ngokushesha okukhulu, baqala ukudla bebodwa futhi ushiye esidlekeni. Inyoni lokushutheka (amajuba, iqhude, chickadees, ondlunkulu, Ehlasela, zopholi, izinyoni ezidla inyama) Young avele izimpumputhe futhi uhamba-ze, ngingakwazi nhlobo ukuzisiza.

Ngoba isici izinyoni ukunakekelwa isikhathi eside inzalo. Izinyoni ukufudumeza sondle izingane zabo, abavikele.