Izivumelwano International phezu ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko: izibonelo

Emuva ngo-1902, eParis kwase kuqala wadedelwa soMthetho mayelana nokuvikelwa nezilwane - wesigodi okwakuthinta ezilungisiwe ukuvikelwa izinyoni, asetshenziswa kwezolimo. Nezokongiwa Kwemvelo manje acute ikakhulukazi ezimpilweni zethu. Kodwa inkinga sekuneminyaka isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, izizwe eziningi sinqume ukuthi bahlanganyele ndawonye futhi udale izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ku ukuvikelwa imvelo. Nikeza izibonelo ezinye zazo siyokwamukela lesi sihloko.

Ramsar Isentha

Injongo yalesi sivumelwano iyona zomthetho ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko, kanye kulondolozwe iplanethi ixhaphozi zethu. Esikhathini kohlaka izivumelwano kwemvelo ngamazwe zenziwa 1971. Lokhu kwenzeka emzini Iranian of Ramsar. INgqungquthela uchaza izinto njengoba izwe ngalinye onengxenye, futhi yiKomidi International kungasiza ukuvikela izakhamuzi ixhaphozi imvelo:

• Ukusungulwa kweziGungu ixhaphozi kazwelonke evikelwe ezweni ngalinye.
• Kwamukelwa kwetinkhantolo nokubaluleka kwazo ngokwenqubo yendabuko kanye namasiko.
• Wokukhuthazwa imisebenzi ejwayelekile ukulondoloza izinga lamanzi, izindawo zokudoba, ezolimo kanye nokungcebeleka.
• Isize ekubambeni komphakathi iqhaza kwemvelo.
• Ukuqinisa ulwazi kanye nokwenza ngcono imfundo emkhakheni ixhaphozi imithombo.

Amalungu Isentha baqhubeka behlangana njalo emazweni ahlukahlukene ukuze kubukezwe futhi ukunwetshwa zokuvikela imithombo. Ngo-1987, idolobha saseCanada Regina (Saskatchewan) satjhugululwa.

isiqondiso Legal kwezinhlobo

Isivumelwano ekugcineni zezinto eziphilayo kwavunyelwana eRio de Janeiro, Juni 5, 1992 Isivumelwano kubasekeli athwala imigomo embalwa eyisisekelo ukuthi go in ezinye izivumelwano kwemvelo emhlabeni jikelele. Izibonelo ngalezi zinhloso:

• ukongiwa zezinto eziphilayo;
• ukusetshenziswa evuselelekayo bathole ezinye zezici zalo;
• ukwabelana nelinganako izinzuzo ezivela ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo zofuzo.

Ngamanye amazwi, into isivumelwano amasu kazwelonke ukuze kulondolozwe nokusebenzisa kahle zezinto eziphilayo. Lo mhlangano ubizwa nangokuthi kufakwe izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kwemvelo, izibonelo okuyizinto sihloko. 2010 kwathiwa noNyaka of Biodiversity.

Helsinki Isentha

I-Helsinki Isentha kwavunyelwana ukuze kuvikeleke imvelo yasolwandle e oLwandle iBaltic. Isivumelwano zokuqala zakwamanye amazwe phezu ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko ngaphakathi kohlaka yayo ngemvume 1974, amazwe anjenge eDenmark, eFinland, iNtshonalanga Jalimane, Poland, Sweden futhi USSR, futhi waphumelela Meyi 3, 1980 Umhlangano wesibili esayinwe 1992 eCzechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, i-European Union, eFinland, eJalimane, iLatvia, iLithuania, iPoland, iRussia neSweden. Ukubamba iqhaza emazweni, ukuze zamukele isivumelwano samazwe phezu ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko, baye bazinikela kufanele ahlele kuhle yoke izinyathelo ezidingekile ukuze uvimbele futhi zokunciphisa ukungcoliseka ukuze usize ekubuyiselweni ukuzinza kwemvelo oLwandle iBaltic. Futhi, iqoqo izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuba noma ukunciphisa umonakalo owenziwe imvelo yale ngozi.

ezingcolisayo organic

INgqungquthela esasayinwa nabo 2001 e Stockholm, wangena amandla ngo-May 2004. Inhloso yayo kwakuwukubabulala noma ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa lezi zinto ezingcolisa umhlaba. Amaphuzu asemqoka okunikeza kwezivumelwano-Environmental Protection Agency ihlanganise lokho okufanele ukwenze ngamazwe athuthukile ukunikeza izinsiza zezimali eyengeziwe kanye izinyathelo ukuqeda kukhiqizwa futhi kusetshenziswa pops ekhiqizwa ngenhloso, futhi ekuqedeni pops ekhiqizwa kungengamabomu, lapho kungenzeka, futhi efanele imfucuza.

UN Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Isivumelwano, esasayinwa ngo-emazweni angaphezu kuka-180, kwenziwa ngesikhathi "Umhlaba Summit" ngo-1992-Rio de Janeiro wangena force on 21 March 1994. Lolu hlaka Convention - kuyinto samazwe onke kwemvelo (okwamanje kuba inqubomgomo kuphela samazwe onke sezulu kanye semthethweni ezibanzi), okuzoxoxwa eNgqungqutheleni weZizwe Ezihlangene imvelo nokuthuthukiswa Inhlangano (UNCED). Inhloso yayo ukusungula ezingeni ozinzile abamba ukushisa ukuthi kuzovikela esiyingozi ukuphazamiseka yabantu nge isimo sezulu. ISivumelwano uqobo akusho ukubeka imingcele saziso ku kogesi wendlwana evikela izithombo ukuba izizwe ngabanye kanye besingenayo izindlela zokuqinisa umthetho. Ngo imigomo esemthethweni, umhlangano akubhekwa saziso. Kunalokho, isivumelwano sinikeza uhlaka for kudalwe idokhumenti ekhethekile equkethe izivumelwano ethize ngamazwe phezu ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko (okubizwa ngokuthi yezifiso), lapho ufuna ukubeka imingcele saziso ku kogesi wendlwana evikela izithombo.

I-Kyoto Protocol kuya UNFCCC

Ngemva kokungena ngemvume emazweni UNFCCC ilungu-babuthene inkomfa ukuxoxa ukuthi kufezeke izinhloso yesivumelwano. izingxoxo kwaholela ekusungulweni kwe-Kyoto Protocol. Kuthiwa nguye futhi owenza kufakwe izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ku ukuvikelwa imvelo futhi ubeka yokunciphisa intuthu engcolisa umoya sizibeka amazwe athuthukile, okuyinto ziyabophelela komthetho wamazwe omhlaba.

Biological Izikhali Convention (BWC)

Kwakuwusuku lokuqala kwezikhali kubasekeli sivumelwano ukunqabela ukukhiqizwa isigaba sonke kwezikhali. INgqungquthela kuwumphumela umsebenzi eside komphakathi weentjhabatjhaba ukudala idokhumenti entsha, okungase kulekelelwa yi-1925 Geneva Protocol (okuyinto yena, unqabela kuphela ukusetshenziswa kodwa hhayi ifa zamakhemikhali izikhali ezingamagciwane futhi ayanda zabo). BWC iphrojekthi eyethulwa ngabe-British, esasayinwa ngo-10 Ephreli 1972 futhi sacala kusebenta mhlaka-26 Mashi, 1975 Kudinga 172 beqembu State ngo-December 2014 ukuze iyakwenqabela ukusungulwa, ukukhiqizwa nokunqwatshelaniswa kwezikhali ezingamagciwane futhi ubuthi. Noma kunjalo, uma zingekho esisemthethweni yokuqinisekisa umbuso kukhawula ukusebenza soMthetho-sisekelo. Kafushane mayelana okuqukethwe kwalesi sivumelwano, singasho okulandelayo:

1. Ungalokothi, ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo, ukuthola noma ukugcina izikhali ezingamagciwane.
2. Ukucekela noma buyisela ukuze izinjongo zokuthula izikhali ezingamagciwane nemithombo ehambisana nabo.
3. Dlulisa kunoma ubani okubangelwa izikhali ezenziwe ngamagciwane, hhayi ukusiza yokufuna yayo nasekusindisweni.
4. Ukuthatha noma iyiphi nekazwelonke afaneleko ukwenza izinhlinzeko zoMthetho wamaZinga BWC kumazwe.
5. Bheka bilaterally futhi multilaterally ezindabeni ezihlobene ukuqaliswa kwe-BWC.
6. Dala izicelo -UN Security Council ukuphenya ukwephulwa nezinsolo soMthetho-sisekelo futhi ukuhlonipha izinqumo kwalo okwalandela.
7. Ukusiza States, ezisengcupheni ngenxa ukwephulwa of Biological Izikhali Convention.
8. Yenza konke okusemandleni akho ukuba ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa obunokuthula isayensi yezinto eziphilayo nobuchwepheshe.

ISivumelwano ukuvikelwa izinyoni ezifudukayo ngo-1918

Le dokhumenti bahlanganiswa izivumelwano kwemvelo ngamazwe. Ngokwe-sisekelo, wamemezela ukuhlukunyezwa emthethweni, ukuzingela, ukudoba, sizibambe ukubulala noma ukuthengiswa izinyoni azifaka kuwo (izinyoni ezifudukayo). Umqulu alisho umehluko phakathi kwabaphilayo izinyoni efile, kodwa futhi kudlulela izimpaphe, amaqanda nezidleke. Ohlwini lwezenzakalo ezingaphezu ezingaphezu kuka-800 eqoshiwe.

Ukucashunwa (SITES)

CITES - wesigodi, ungene ngemvume 1973 e-Washington wangena force on 1 July 1975 ukudayisa flora zasendle nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto manje esongelwa yokuqothulwa. Lena enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu futhi omdala izivumelwano ezikhona emlandweni. Lokhu umhlangano wezizwe ulawula kanye nabaqaphi lokudayisa uhlobo oluthile izilwane nezitshalo. uhlelo olukhethekile amalayisense lakhiwe, olawula zonke ukungena, nokuthengiswa kanye kabusha nokuthengiswa. Ngamunye Party EMhlanganweni ukudala umzimba owodwa (noma ngaphezulu) ukulawula, obekungadala elibhekele ukuphathwa kohlelo amalayisense, kanye okungenani oyedwa umzimba yesayensi ukuze kuboniswane ku umthelela ukuhweba ngezinhlobo zezilwane ezithile isilwane noma ukuphila isitshalo. Ngaphansi kwesivikelo Sites- amayelana 5,000 zezilwane kanye 29.000 zezitshalo. Ngamunye wabo zingatholakala kule Annex EMhlanganweni, kanye degree of usongo futhi imikhawulo ukuhwebelana.

izivumelwano International phezu ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko eRussia

Ezweni lethu, sithatha izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze alondoloze ukuzinza kwemvelo. Russia, njengamanye amazwe, besekele ngokwezivumelwano kwemvelo emhlabeni jikelele. Nikeza izibonelo yilezi ezilandelayo: 1979 - Convention on Ukungcoliswa Komoya (cross-border), 1992 - Isentha, esivikela ukungcola woLwandle Olumnyama, kusukela ngo-2011 - mayelana Organic ezingcolisayo, kanye nabanye abaningi.