Kanjani ukuze uthole kusukela alkane alkane? Yini ngaphezulu ingatholakala kusukela alkane?

Ukutadisha isakhiwo organic compounds, izakhiwo chemical embukisweni ukusabela kwawo, ukuvumela ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene imikhiqizo kanye izimpahla izinto ezifanayo eluhlaza. Ukucubungula hydrocarbon ekhiqizwa ukuzixazulula izinkinga eziningi. Ukuze lo mbuzo: "Indlela uthole kusukela alkane alkane" chemical isayensi kanye umkhuba uwoyela ngokuhlaziya ukunikeza izimpendulo ezanelisayo. Ake sihlole inkinga ngobuhlobo amakilasi ezahlukene hydrocarbon kanye nemikhiqizo yabo. Sigxile izindlela yezimboni sicubungula izinto carbonaceous.

relatedness bofuzo izinto eziphilayo

Esikhathini kusaqalwa cwaningo kuphinde kukhiqizwe hydrocarbon nemikhiqizo bamakhemikhali wacabanga ukuthi la maqembu kuthiwa behlukene. Kancane kancane zanqwabelana Imininingwane asikhanyisela ngemithwalo ubudlelwane genetic amakilasi eyinhloko izinto. Imizamo main babegxile ekutholeni izindlela ukushintsha isakhiwo, ukwandisa oda isibopho. Izinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu ucwaningo theory kanye nokucwaninga:

• kanjani ukuze uthole kusukela alkane alkane;
• indlela ukucubungula amalahle, uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye negesi yemvelo;
• indlela yokuqhuba lo dehydrogenation ka hydrocarbon elihlale;
• kokubili kusuka alkane ukuthola alkyne (acetylene).

Abacwaningi futhi ababhuli baye babone ukuthi kukhona okuningi ukuhwebelana mutual kusukela omunye komunye hydrocarbon.

Ukubaluleka esiwusizo sokuba nezinto eziqondile ubudlelwano zofuzo izinhlobo eziyisisekelo ezibangela

Ubunye hydrocarbon compounds okuye kungase kutholakale ekwenziweni yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic njengoba isayensi ukukhiqizwa umkhakha. Ngo kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale nkinga - indlela ukuze uthole kusukela alkane alkane - neqhaza eyenziwe bamakhemikhali Russian nawaseSoviet organic. Amaningi asetshenziswa ngalezi zinjongo, ukusabela-ukuguqulwa kukhona izinqubo okhanda amanye amathuba abazenzi ubuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi. ubuhlobo obuseduze futhi kugucuka mutual organic compounds zisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula ezihlukahlukene imisebenti leyentiwako kuhlanganise:

• ethola komunye uhlobo impahla ebomvu izinhlobo ezahlukene izinto;
• imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi ukubunjwa kusukela compounds alula, futhi okuphambene nalokho;
• ukukhululwa kwe ezihlukahlukene kwezimpahla, lapho babe baningi;
• ukulondoloza okuningi Ukuwohloka zemvelo hydrocarbon izinsiza;
• ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo uwoyela-amalahle itiyela, uwoyela oluthambile, Peat.

Ukwakheka kwe-carbon imithombo yemvelo

Zonke izinhlobo hydrocarbon ezitholakala ngokwemvelo izinto eziningi eziphawulekayo. Bakhonza njengabashumayeli ukuqala izinto ukubhekisiswa kanye nokulungisa organic compounds ezaqanjwa ezahlukene. Imithombo ebaluleke kakhulu alkanes futhi alkenes:

1. Igesi yemvelo. Okuqukethwe hydrocarbon umkhawulo methane emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ifinyelela 80-98%. Zezakhi asele nitrogen, isikhutha, ethane-propane, i-butane.
2. Oil. Ingxube engokwemvelo hydrocarbon isomeric kusukela ezifakwa ezahlukene kuhluke kwengoma. Kwezinye izinhlobo "igolide abamnyama" alkanes ukubuswa abanye yakhiwa cycloparaffins futhi Arenas. Dome uwoyela odlulayo amagesi aqukethe paraffins.
3. Cox. Ukukhiqizwa ilahle ezidingekile yokusansimbi ephelezelwa ukunikeza amalahle itiyela equkethe kuka 400 izingxenye, ayinhloko - enkundleni.
4. Vegetable nokudla izinto zokusetshenziswa - iqembu elikhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene, ehlanganisa ukhuni, imbewu kanye izithelo izitshalo zezimboni, ezilwane.

I ukuhwebelana kungenzeka phakathi organic compounds

Njengengxenye idiphozithi yanoma "igolide abamnyama" ngokuvamile cycloalkanes samanje noma naphthenes. Icubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa onikela abekelwe emaceleni hydrocarbon eyindilinga kokuba 5-7 C zama-athomu iringi, banabo enkulu SIZUZISA. Kanjani ukuze uthole kusukela cycloalkane alkane uma naphthenes izinqolobane mpilo? Ukuze nokukhawulela eyindilinga hydrocarbon compounds kusukela ayegcwele acyclic dehydrocyclization indlela isetshenziswa. Chain 4 noma ngaphezulu C ama-athomu zivaliwe, kukhona umjikelezo esitebeleni. Okunye kugucuka okuyisibonelo izinto eziningi eziphilayo zingaba ziboniswe izikimu elula:

• Petroleum hydrocarbon → → → alkane carboxylic acid.
• Igesi yemvelo ayegcwele hydrocarbon → → carboxylic acid.
• Yamalahle hydrocarbon → → → alkanes → unsaturated hydrocarbon polymers.
• Petroleum hydrocarbon → → → enkundleni isopropyl-benzene → benzene → acetone, phenol.
• Igesi yemvelo → → Ethanol hydrocarbon unsaturated.
• Yamalahle → methanol.
• Petroleum hydrocarbon → → → alkenes butadiene futhi isoprene.

Ake sicabangele lokho chemical kwakwakhe ingatholakala ngokufaka nokuzwelana zofuzo izinto eziphilayo.

Kanjani ukuze uthole kusukela alkane alkane

Ngo umkhakha cishe zonke izinhlobo hydrocarbon elihlale eyatholakala kusukela uwoyela negesi imithombo. Refining - indlela yesimanje ukuthola alkanes kusukela alkanes:

A) Liquid upharafini hydrocarbon unika ngqo ziphuzo zazihluzwa kawoyela ongahluziwe (isivuno eliphansi umkhiqizo target).

B) Thermal futhi kwemifantu okhanda amanye amathuba lamafutha isetshenziselwa okwandisa iphesenti semikhawulweni ukukhanya, ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi ye-hydrocarbon (uphethiloli, iziketekete). Ingxenyana uwoyela likhona hexadecane solyarovoe, onikeza dodecane kwamazinyo futhi butylene. Dodecane usuvele ingxenyenamba kaphalafini is phansi ukuze aqhube nokwahlukana, it is etholwe kusuka elihlale hydrocarbon nonane futhi propene (alkene). kwemifantu okuqhubekayo kungaholela ekwakhekeni heptane futhi ethylene.

Isomerization futhi alkylation

isomerization okhanda amanye amathuba alkanes ukuvumela isakhiwo evamile branched ukuthola: N3S- (CH2) 3 -CH 3 → CH (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. Umkhiqizo yale nqubo - isopentane. i-butane Jwayelekile eziqukethwe amagesi ngokuhlaziya kulethe ekusabeleni isomerization iguqulwe ibe isobutane. Umkhiqizo kwaphumela kungaba alkylated nge isobutylene ebukhoneni kulethe futhi ukuthola isooctane - eliphezulu nophethiloli. Uma sithatha ngokuthi ejenti alkylating, le ethylene, ukusabela nge isobutane etholwe zokwenziwa fuel neohexane.

Kanjani ukuze uthole kusukela alkene alkane futhi alkadienes

Ngo umkhakha unsaturated hydrocarbon acyclic nomunye isibopho double etholakala ngokuzikhandla petroleum ngokuhlaziya. Emazingeni aphezulu, noqhekeko of alkanes (pyrolysis). Alkenes wasimama isisindo ingqikithi Lesisemkhatsini lokugcina imikhiqizo ukuphendula. Ethylene etholwe dehydrogenation ka ethane phezu kulethe nickel: C2H6 + C2H4 → H2 ↑. I-butane ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo ukunika 2-butene, kanyekanye kumiswa ethane futhi ethylene. Dehydrogenation kungasenza sikwazi ukuthola amaphuzu izixazululo inkinga kanjani ukusuka i alkadienes alkane. Lapho ukususwa stepwise amabili molecule e-hydrogen kusukela hydrocarbon, ababebalelwa 4 carbon athomu, kugucuka ezilandelayo zenzeka: i-butane butene → → butadiene. Umkhiqizo wokugcina kubalulekile ukwenziwa zokwenziwa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba. Ngokufanayo uzilungiselele butadiene omunye polymer okuyinto ulingisa uzakwabo yemvelo izakhiwo ezibalulekile: isopentane → → isoprene isoprene zenjoloba.

Njengoba we alkane ukuthola acetylene

Hydrocarbon kokuba isibopho eyodwa kathathu - acetylene - kubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni, ukwakhiwa kanye nezinye izindawo umsebenti wetemnotfo. Inqubo endala ngoba ukulungiswa alkyne elula lihlotshaniswa isenzo yamanzi ezicucwini okuqinile kwe-calcium Carbide. Endaweni le ndlela kwafika kwemifantu igesi yemvelo. Manje amabhizinisi umkhakha chemical azi ukuthi angasilawula kanjani kusukela alkyne alkane ngenani aphansi. Ngo amadivayisi ezikhethekile zobuchwepheshe ashisa kakhulu noma ngaphansi kwethonya i osenyameni kagesi kwenzeka dehydrogenation methane - ketshezi eyinhloko igesi yemvelo: 2SN4 → HC≡CH + 3H2. Acetylene sisetshenziswa kabanzi, okulungiselelwa kusukela acetaldehyde okuyinto okwengeziwe asetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa acetic acid, zokwenziwa inhlaka, epulasitikini, nezindwangu zokwenziwa, rubbers futhi rubbers.

Uyithola kanjani uma kuziwa endabeni hydrocarbon elihlale

Ngu upharafini uchungechunge ukusabela kuholele benzene nemikhiqizo yalo. inqubo isithokela wafunda bamakhemikhali Russian nawaseSoviet ekhulwini XX. Ingqikithi yomsebenzi wabo owabanjwa mhlaka "Indlela uthole kusukela alkane, benzene futhi homologues yayo" kunciphisa kuya dehydrocyclization hexane, heptane nezinye hydrocarbon ayegcwele: S6N14 → C6H6 + 4H2; S7N16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. Enye indlela iwukuba synthesis acyclic hydrocarbon cycloparaffins kulandele amanzi emzimbeni: hexane → → cyclohexane benzene.

Ingatholakala kanjani ETHYL nezinye alcohols kusukela alkanes

Ezikhathini zasendulo, lo mbuzo: "Indlela ukuphuma utshwala alkane" akuyona kuhlongozwe, okhokho bethu wasebenzisa indlela nje ukuvutshelwa oludakayo imikhiqizo ushukela-aqukethe ngaphansi isenzo imbiliso yama-enzyme. Ukuphakama ukubaluleka lobuchwepheshe of ethanol kuholele usesho izinhlobo entsha yezinto ze-non-ukudla ekwenzeni uphethiloli wezimoto. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lokhu kwaba yisenzakalo impahla esisemqoka eluhlaza ukwenziwa iraba Lebedev indlela. Enye indlela iye wabikezela A. M. Butlerovym, ngubani ngiphuphe ukuthi indlela eshibhe kunazo zonke esikhiqiza ethylene iholele "ukuthola utshwala." Imithombo hydrocarbon unsaturated imikhicito petroleum kwemifantu futhi dehydrogenation okhanda amanye amathuba alkanes. Njengoba yenziwe kusukela ethane ethylene, okuyinto oxidized ebukhoneni sulfuric acid: C2H6 C2H4 → → C2H5OH. Hydration nezinye alkenes, nayo etholwe yokucwenga unika homologs zokwenziwa ethanol. I yokuntula eshiwo ku izindleko ukukhishwa acid ukuvikela amadivayisi emiphumeleni yayo ezonakalisayo. Umkhakha iyiswe indlela hydration ngqo ka alkenes lapho zisetshenziselwa yelikhono okuqinile. Methanol ekhiqizwa phakathi namachibi methane. Ethylene futhi homologs zaso kusebenza izinto njengoba eluhlaza ukwenziwa alcohols.

Njengoba kusukela alkanes ukuthola aldehydes futhi acid carboxylic

Ngemva ekuxazululeni inkinga materials ezishibhile zokusetshenziswa for utshwala umkhakha bamakhemikhali azi ukuthi angasilawula kanjani kusukela aldehyde alkane ngenani aphansi. Enye indlela ukuthola acetaldehyde - hydration ka acetylene. Yonke inqubo ithatha indawo ngokuvumelana scheme: igesi yemvelo → CH4 → → C2H2 CH3-Coh. Ukwandiswa ukusetshenziswa hydrocarbon yemvelo ukwenziwa ETHYL utshwala. Ingqikithi kuyinto impahla eluhlaza ukwenziwa carbonyl futhi carboxyl compounds. Acetaldehyde ingatholakala dehydrogenation ka ethane kumiswa kulandela we Ethanol e ukusabela namachibi noma dehydrogenation. Omunye ongakhetha - the namachibi of ethylene: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Kanjani ukuze uthole kusukela carboxylic acid alkane? Umbuzo ukuthi kwaba yisikhathi eside esigabeni inkinga. kwakhiwa acetic acid is ngesikhathi ukuvutshelwa ukudla impahla eluhlaza lapho ziphuzo zazihluzwa ezomile kwezinkuni. Ukuba imithombo alkane etholakalayo evumela i-butane namachibi futhi wamukele ezishibhile acetic acid: C4H10 2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2SN3SOON. ukukhiqizwa Kwahlelwa nezinye acid carboxylic, ayegcwele hydrocarbon unsaturated.

Izinto zesimanje umnotho womhlaba Kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle igesi yemvelo, uwoyela namalahle impahla. Kulezi Izingxube zemvelo ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana alkanes ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa ukwenziwa inqwaba zamagama organic.