Khan Giray: Biography. lwamakhosi Giray

Giray Dynasty cishe 350 zeminyaka yokubusa ngu YaseCrimea Khanate. Izibalo zikhombe emhlabeni eziningi zabantu abadumile, abanye abase ababusi ovelele, futhi abanye baye bathola yaba umsebenzi wokuphila kwabo enkonzweni isayensi namasiko. Uhlobo zingozi zihlanganisa owaziwa Isazi-mlando sezobuciko futhi ethnographer Sultan Khan Giray. Biography of lo, indaba Giray lwamakhosi sisonke kuyoba ekhulunywe yethu.

Biography Khan Giray

Sultan Khan Giray wazalwa ngo 1808 endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi Adygeya. Wayeyindodana wesithathu Crimean Tatar wohlanga olukhulu, babevela uhlobo le Khan - Mehmeda Han Giray. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e emithanjeni yakhe agelezé Sultan negazi Circassian. Izimfanelo umhlabeleli kokusele kwalezi zizwe ezimbili okwakuthandelene kuwo.

Ngemva kokufinyelela eminyakeni engu-29 ubudala waba nengxenye eziningana izimpi uMbuso Russian, kuyilapho elisezingeni wasehhovisi kanye ngawo ukwahlukana ehlukile. Kodwa empini zaseCaucasia, kuyilapho likhiphe ekhaya, angizange iqhaza, nakuba Yiqiniso, impi ebanga usizi wathi enhliziyweni yakhe.

Khan Giray wabhala eziningi imisebenzi ku ethnography, temdzabu art emlandweni wabantu Circassian, abamukele udumo emhlabeni wonke. "Amanothi mayelana Circassia" futhi "isiko Circassian" phakathi kwabo. Wabuye - umlobi imisebenzi eminingana yobuciko. Kodwa iningi lemisebenzi yakhe yanyatheliswa kuphela ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Khan Giray yaziwa nangokuthi umsunguli we Adyghe zamagama.

Kusukela 1841 yena ubelokhu ikhankasela phakathi Highlanders (egameni uhulumeni waseRussia) ngenjongo nokubuyisana. Nokho, imizamo yakhe yaphela kungabanga yize. Giray Khan wafa eneminyaka engu-34, ngo-1842, ezweni lokuzalwa kwakhe.

Lo muntu okungavamile kwesokunxele indodana - Sultan Murat Giray owazalelwa ngonyaka ka ukufa kukayise. Kodwa okomnikelo Sultan Khan Giray kakhulu ekuthuthukeni Adyghe isiko nezincwadi - elingenakuqhathaniswa.

Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, kwaba behlonipha yakhe YaseCrimea AmaTatar ufuna ukuqamba kabusha e Khan Giray Kherson.

Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani ababe okhokho i ubuntu obuhle kanjalo.

Kumila lwamakhosi

Umuntu owasungula le lwamakhosi, ababusi eCrimea kwaba Haji Giray. Yena uvela uhlobo Tukatimuridov - omunye amagatsha wozalo luka-Genghis Khan. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, izimpande Giray lwamakhosi bavela Mongol uhlobo kireev, kodwa Genghisides babelwa kamuva kuphela ukuze bathethelele ilungelo labo lokubusa.

Haji Giray wazalwa cishe 1397 endaweni Belarus yesimanje, kuyilapho likhuluma Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL).

Ngaleso sikhathi, zolotaya Orda ayedabula nezikhathi ezinzima, empeleni ahlukaniselwe ezifundazweni eziningana ezimele. Amandla eCrimea, ngokusekelwa Lithuanian Grand Duke wakwazi e 1441 ukuze uthwebule Haji Giray. Ngakho, waba umsunguli we lwamakhosi, futhi iye yakhipha eCrimea cishe 350 edlule.

Ngezinye umthombo wamandla

Mengli Giray - Khan, owakha isisekelo samandla YaseCrimea Khanate. Wayeyindodana ka Haji Giray, ngemva abakufa kwabo (e 1466) a emzabalazweni phakathi izingane.

Ekuqaleni UKhan eyizibulo Haji Giray - Nur Devlet. Kodwa Mengli Giray wanquma inselelo umthetho. Izikhathi eziningana phakathi sale mpi eyathatha isikhathi internecine e YaseCrimea Khanate ushintshe umbusi. Kulokhu, uma Nur Devlet e izimangalo zawo yayisekelwe ngamandla Golden zidlamlilo kanye uMbuso WaseTurkey, le Mengli ukubheja ku azi YaseCrimea wendawo. Kamuva wajoyina ukulwa eyodwa ngaphezulu umzalwane - Eider. Ngo 1477 ke wakwazi ukuthatha ubukhosi Janibekov engeyona kuya Giray lwamakhosi.

Ekugcineni, ngo-1478 Mengli Giray ekugcineni bakwazi ukunqoba izimbangi zabo futhi bathole isizinda kuleli amandla. Nguye wabeka izisekelo amandla YaseCrimea Khanate. Nokho, ekulweni nezinye ukhetho, kwakufanele bonyana enze ukuvuma isimo sakhe ngaphansi kwesizwe yoMbuso WaseTurkey, nokunikela eningizimu eCrimea, okuyinto ababengaphansi kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe kubangane bawo - the Genoese, ophethe abaseTurkey.

Crimean Khan Giray Mengli umfelandawonye eMoscow ngokumelene zidlamlilo Omkhulu (ngundlalifa Golden zidlamlilo) naseLithuania. Ngo 1482 amabutho akhe ezibhuqiwe Kiev, lolo ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa kwakungekaNkulunkulu ON. Uma kwenziwe mass YaseCrimea AmaTatar kuphangwa okuzingela ku amazwe Grand Duchy of Lithuania kohlaka ukuhambisana SaseMoscow. Ngo-1502 Mengli Giray ekugcineni ubhujiswa zidlamlilo kakhulu.

Abafile Mengli Giray e 1515.

oluqinisayo obengeziwe bamandla Khan

Ngaphezu kwalokho waqinisa State Mehmed Giray - Khan, owabusa ngemva kokufa Mengli Giray futhi kuziwa indodana yakhe. Ngokungafani noyise, wayeyindoda abasha ukulungiselela ukuba abe umbusi ngesihloko - kalga, okuyinto kwakuhambelana nokuka elisezingeni umqhele kokwesikhulu. Mehmed Giray kwaholela imikhankaso eziningi kuphangwa ihlelwe Mengli Giray.

Ngesikhathi ukubusa kwakhe ngesibindi esihlalweni isikhundla ayeseneminyaka ezandleni zakhe zonke imicu uhulumeni, ukuze imizamo kubafowabo ukuba bavukele wawuzofekela.

Ngo 1519 Krymskoe Hanstvo ikhuphuke kakhulu kusukela wathuthela endaweni yayo ye Nogai zidlamlilo. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi Nogai wahlulwa Kazakhs, ngakho kwadingeka bayocela yokukhosela Mehmed Giray.

Lapho Mehmed yashintsha inqubomgomo angaphandle of the YaseCrimea Khanate. Ngemva zidlamlilo Omkhulu egqilazwe uyise, isidingo umfelandawonye ubukhulu eMoscow wanyamalala, ngakho Mehmed Giray Khan Wazibandakanya Lithuania yalahla iRussia. Ngezinye ke ngo-1521 umkhankaso wokuqala ezinkulu YaseCrimea AmaTatar e ubukhulu eMoscow lahlelwa.

Mehmed Giray ephethwe ukubeka phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi yaseKazan Khanate yomfowabo - Sahib Giray, kanjalo kuyoshaya usithonye Middle iVolga esifundeni. Ngo 1522, yena ithumba Astrakhan Khanate. Ngakho, empeleni Mehmed Giray ephethwe ukuze nginqobe ingxenye enkulu ayengaphansi zidlamlilo Golden.

Kodwa ukuhlala e-Astrakhan, uKhan ngakho odakwe amandla akhe ukuthi ziyoncibilika impi, ungasebenzisa ababeshisekela, owahlela ugobe Mehmed Giray wambulala ngo-1523.

Phezulu amandla

Esikhathini kusuka 1523 by 1551 yanjalo wabusa abazalwane namadodana Mehmed Giray. Lesi sikhathi kwaba umzabalazo ngokujulile abukhali ngaphakathi YaseCrimea Khanate. Kodwa ngo-1551 wafika amandla, Devlet Giray - indodana Mubarak, okuyinto yena, wayeyindodana Mengli Giray. Kwakungesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, Krymskoe Hanstvo safinyelela amandla ezimatasa.

Devlet Giray - YaseCrimea Khan, owayeneminyaka ikakhulukazi kuphangwa edumile isimo Russian. umkhankaso wakhe kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngembubhiso yango-1571, ngisho nokushiswa eMoscow.

Devlet Giray kwaba ngamandla engu-26, washona ngo-1577.

Mandle Khanate

Uma indodana Devlet Giray Mehmed II namanje wakwazi ukugcina isithunzi YaseCrimea Khanate ke ukubaluleka owamlandela Tatar isimo enkundleni ngamazwe uwile kakhulu. Mehmed II yena 1584, lanqotshwa sultan Turkish, kodwa kunalokho itshalwe umzalwane Islyam Giray. Ukulandela khans YaseCrimea sinababusi kancane eziphawulekayo, nasesimweni sokungasokwa inhlokomo sesingochwepheshe njalo.

Ngo-1648, enkundleni kwezombangazwe omkhulu wake walinga yini ukuhamba Islyam Giray III, umfelandawonye Zaporozhye Cossacks e sempi ngokumelene Commonwealth. Kodwa kwalolu mbimbi ngokushesha waphela futhi Hetman wathutha lokuba yisakhamuzi kuya Russian Tsar.

Umbusi zokugcina

Umbusi lokugcina YaseCrimea Khanate uvele Khan Shahin Giray. Ngisho ngesikhathi kubusa eyandulela wakhe, Devlet Giray IV, ngo-1774, Krymskoe Hanstvo yakhululeka ekubusweni yoMbuso WaseTurkey futhi wavuma protectorate yeRussia. Lena enye yezindlela okwakubonakala izimo zezwe Kuchuk Kaynarca, kuphelile enye impi Russian-Turkish.

Crimean Khan Shahin Giray waqala ukubusa ngo-1777 njengoba protégé yeRussia. Wayelethwa waphakanyiselwa sobukhosi esikhundleni pro-Turkish Devlet Giray IV. Nokho, ngisho elisekelwa izingalo Russian, wahlala alengayo sobukhosi. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi 1782 wadingiswa amaFulentshi uvela esihlalweni sobukhosi umfowabo Bahadir Giray, owafika amandla ku negagasi kuvukela ethandwa. Ngosizo amabutho Russian Shahin Giray ephethwe sokubuyisa esihlalweni sobukhosi, kodwa baqhubeka wokubusa kwakhe kwaba eqanjiwe, ngoba kulamandla akasakuthandi kwadingeka.

Ngo 1783, lokhu eqanjiwe ukuthi iqedwe. Shahin Giray ngemvume abdication yakhe, futhi YaseCrimea Khanate ukuthi lebhalwe uMbuso Russian. Yaphela kanjalo-ke wokubusa Giray eCrimea. manje isitifiketi IBhodi Shagina ongakhonza ngaphandle zemali Giray Khan, ogama image kungabonwa ngenhla.

Shahin Giray emva abdication wahlala lokuqala ngesiRashiya, kodwa wabe esedlulela Turkey, lapho 1787 wabulawa ngemiyalo yezikhulu Sultan.

Giray lwamakhosi emva amandla ukulahlekelwa

Sultan Khan Giray - akulona uhlobo kuphela omele ngubani baziwa kakhulu ngemva kokushona amandla lwamakhosi phezu eCrimea. Famous izelamani zakhe - Sultan Adil Giray futhi Sagat Sultan Giray, eyaduma emkhakheni lempi ukuze kuzuze wonke uMbuso Russian.

Omkhulu-yomfowabo ka uKhan-Giray Giray Sultan Davlet adygskogo waba umsunguli zale nkundla. UMfoweth 'wale mithandazo, Suta eCrimea Giray, kwaba usihlalo weKomiti we Cavalry Division. Bobabili abulawa ngo-1918 yi-amaBolshevik.

Okwamanje, isihloko YaseCrimea Khan ngegama abathi Dzhezzar Pamir Giray, ohlala e-London.

Okusho Gireev uhlobo emlandweni wezwe

Rhode Gireev washiya isigxivizo ngomlando eCrimea, futhi umlando emhlabeni wonkana. Igama lalesi lwamakhosi cishe kuhlangene khona YaseCrimea Khanate - isimo, okuyinto ngesikhathi sako wadlala indzima lesembili eMpumalanga Yurophu.

Gireev ukhumbula futhi isizukulwane samanje YaseCrimea AmaTatar, ukuzihlanganisa lolu hlobo nge izikhathi ekhazimulayo emlandweni isizwe. Shono eziyiyo isinyathelo ukuqamba kabusha Khan Giray Kherson.