Kungani ama-bacterium ahlukanisa semajukujukwini embusweni ekhethekile lokuphila ngemvelo?

Zonke izinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu ngesayense olusemthethweni kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba amaqembu amaningi amakhulu ezifaka ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo kanye zenyathi. Kungani ama-bacterium ahlukanisa semajukujukwini embusweni ekhethekile? Ukuze lokhu kunezizathu ekhethekile, izovumela ososayensi ukuba usebenzise ngezigaba efanayo. Ake kunguwe futhi Ngizokwenza uphenyo ngalolu daba.

amaqembu amabili

Kungani ama-bacterium ahlukanisa semajukujukwini embusweni ekhethekile? Impendulo ulula: zonke izidalwa eziphilayo eplanethini yethu ingahlukaniswa ezinqumela ku ezimbili namaqembu amakhulu: prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes. Esikhathini sesibili sihlanganisa amakhowe nezitshalo nezilwane - eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.

Okokuqala amabhaktheriya kabanzi emelelwa (futhi tsianovodoroslyami ne isikhunta ezincane). Abamele iqembu uqale umehluko oyisisekelo, okuvumela amagciwane ukwaba nezidalwa njengamaphayona akhethekile, ukuzihlukanisa kwabo kuzo zonke ezinye izici. Kungani ama-bacterium ahlukanisa semajukujukwini embusweni ekhethekile? Ngumuphi umehluko lokhona ihluke kwezinye kwemvelo?

Umehluko omkhulu, noma kungani amagciwane 'idla yodwa indawo ekhethekile?

Umehluko omkhulu, ukunika amandla afeze ngezigaba ezifana: prokaryote has awanayo i-nucleus ukhona DNA isiyingi ngqo cytoplasm (ngokuthi ingxenye esebenzayo yalo nucleoid). Ngo eukaryotes, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umongo isici ngokucacile futhi idatha lezinceku uhlukane cytoplasm lwamagobolondo azo. Ngakho, siyabona ukuthi amagciwane zihluke nezinye izidalwa ukuthi abahlala Emhlabeni, eyakhishwa ngo isakhiwo sabo sangaphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi abamele eminye imibuso emithathu - izilwane nezitshalo amakhowe - nezilwanyana ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ezingaba. Futhi cishe wonke ama-bacterium unicellular.

izici ephakeme

Kunezizathu ezengeziwe ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani amagciwane 'idla yodwa indawo ekhethekile.

• Njengoba prokaryotes Awekho core, ayikho into efana mitosis. Bona nokuzala division elula lamaseli nengxenye.
• Ngo eukaryotes, le ribosomal okukhulu organelles: i-mitochondria kanye izikhungo cell kanye reticulum endoplasmic. A indima webhaktheriya ulwelwesi organelles mesosoma eyenziwa - protuberances e ulwelwesi plasma, futhi ribosomes - encane organelles non-ulwelwesi.
• amaseli Prokaryotic incane kakhulu kunaleyo eukaryotes (ubukhulu --10 izikhathi ivolumu - abangaba yinkulungwane).

Le ukufana amaqembu amabili

Nokho, abameleli bazo zonke zifana ngezindlela isakhiwo sabo. Amaseli kwanoma iyiphi eziphilayo aqukethe: okokuqala, ulwelwesi plasma, futhi okwesibili, cytoplasm, okwesithathu, ribosomes. Lo mthetho usebenza kubo bonke abamele ekhona imibuso nemvelo.

ukwehluka

Ngakho, sesisungule kungani amagciwane 'idla yodwa indawo ekhethekile yezinto eziphilayo. Umbuso nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu ngempela, futhi kufaka phakathi letehlukene ngokuhlanganisa archaea futhi eubacteria, isikhunta ezincane futhi cyanobacteria. Ngaphansi amagciwane isayensi yanamuhla eqonda eziphilayo kwencani, prokaryotes, izimpawu isakhiwo solwazi (usayizi - 0.1-30 microns).

Lezi zidalwa zibonakala zibukeke, ngaphandle kosizo amadivayisi ezikhethekile optical, akunakwenzeka ngokwenyama. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane ukuthi kokusungulwa kudivayisi ngesibonakhulu, ngisho isikhathi esithile ngemva kokucima ezinye izinkanyiso isayensi (lokhu kufaka, isibonelo, futhi edumile Karl Linney) babenqaba ukuthi sikhona ubunjalo la magciwane kubaluleke kakhulu, kokubalula umdlalo wabo emcabangweni. Okwamanje, ososayensi behlola anamabini amawaka mayelana kuphela nengxenye zinhlobo kwalo mbuso. Kodwa kusekukhulu kutholakala - namanje akwaziwa izinhlobo. Ukutadisha amagciwane abathintekayo igatsha elithile isayensi - microbiology. Yena ihlola abakhileyo eziningi kakhulu kuyiplanethi yethu, okuyizinto ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama.