Kungani amahlamvu oluhlaza? Kungani beyidinga?

Izitshalo - omunye imibuso ezinhlanu eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Basonta eukaryotes, izidalwa ie kabani amaseli aqukethe i-nucleus.

Isakhiwo isitshalo

Zingaba unicellular noma amaningi. Lesi sakamuva zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezifana oluhlaza, ensundu obomvu ulwelwe spore, gymnosperms futhi angiosperms. ulwelwe umzimba kungaba kuqukathe kuseli eyodwa, futhi kwabaningi, kodwa isakhiwo sabo azikho izidumbu, umzimba okuqinile - ebizwa ngokuthi thallus. Ngo spore, gymnosperms futhi angiosperms (nezitshalo eziqhakazayo) waphawula khona kwezicubu umahluko eziyishumi nemitshingo. Kwakamuva ihlukaniswe vegetative futhi okuzala. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka libhekisela Escape (ekunqandeni kanye namahlamvu) kanye impande. Abantu abaningi bayazibuza, 'Kungani amahlamvu oluhlaza, "Kungani lokhu umbala? Futhi izingane eziningi kubuzwa lo mbuzo: "Kungani amaqabunga eluhlaza?" Futhi lesi sihloko sizoqala nalesi sihloko.

Kungani amahlamvu oluhlaza?

Lokhu Umbala ngenxa yokuba khona we-chlorophyll. Ekwindla ka lo mbala ilahlekile ishidi oluhlaza iguqulwe ibe obomvu, osawolintshi, noma ophuzi. Kungani udinga lento? Imane esibaluleke kakhulu ezimileni. Ngaphandle-ke abakwazi ukuqhubeka inqubo ye-photosynthesis ngawo izakhi kukhiqizwa. amakhemikhali Organic izitshalo ngokuvamile etholwe kuphela le nqubo. Nokho, kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingu ezihlala izingqimba engezansi imvula, ungatholi nokukhanya okwanele ukuze photosynthesis egcwele, ngakho wasebenzisa ukuzingela izinambuzane ezincane, ngaleyo ndlela uhlawula bikho organic compounds. Lezi zihlanganisa sundew, slipper womfazi nokunye. D.

Kafushane mayelana isakhiwo iseli isitshalo

Siqukethe ulwelwesi plasma, udonga cell we-cellulose, le cytoplasm, equkethe organelles futhi nucleus okungukuthi DNA. I cytoplasm iqukethe organelles ezifana: the mitochondria, ribosomes, reticulum endoplasmic, vacuole (e yezinyoni ubudala - eyodwa enkulu, kule abasha - encane ambalwa), i-Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi plastids (chloroplast, leucoplasts, chromoplasts). Ngamunye wabo wenza yayo umsebenzi. Mitochondria iveza amandla, ribosomes synthesize amaprotheni, reticulum endoplasmic (reticulum) ukhiqiza lipid vacuoles buthelela izinto ezingafuneki njengoba nomthofu kubo ngenxa kanzima cell udonga akunakwenzeka, ku chloroplast kuyinqubo ye-photosynthesis, chromoplasts aqukethe zombala, leucoplasts ukugcina umsoco ezisele ( ngokuyisisekelo, isitashi).

photosynthesis kanjani?

Le nqubo ibizwa kwenziwe chloroplast, okuyinto zitholakala cytoplasm. Lezi organelles kukhona odnomembrannymi e isakhiwo yabo kuhlanganisa thylakoids - amapuleti mncane eqoqwe ubuso - kwawo. Kuyinto kuzo futhi mangqamuzana ane-chlorophyll - okuyinto amahlamvu kungani oluhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, chloroplast aqukethe ribosomes, abathintekayo ekwakhiweni amaprotheni, isitashi granule, kanye isiyingi DNA, lapho ilwazi kulotshwe phezu izinto okufanele kuhlelwe kuseli. Ngo inqubo ye-photosynthesis, izitshalo ukuncela amandla elanga, amanzi nesikhutha futhi zikhipha umoya-mpilo njengoba ukusabela leyavela. Enzyme ezisiza enze ekusebenzisaneni chemical kukhona ngqo kuleli matrix chloroplast (imfuyo ukugcwalisa).

Yini liqukethe amahlamvu?

Lokhu umzimba kungathola izinhlobo eziningana izicubu isitshalo, zine. Lokhu epidermis, mesophyll, siqhuba izicubu (xylem futhi phloem), futhi yakhe izicubu lokukhanda. Photosynthesis senzeka ngokungenaphutha mesophyll, noma parenchyma. Ungabona emangqamuzaneni iqabunga oluhlaza ngesibonakhulu. Lokhu ibhola eliphezulu - the epidermis. Amaseli bekungengcono ahlelwe eduze komunye nomunye, kodwa lokhu sendlalelo siqukethe ikhule ezimbotsheni ezivumela okumunca isikhutha nokukhululwa umoya-mpilo, futhi nokulawula amanzi lokushisa ibhalansi. Parenchyma (mesophyll) ihlukaniswe izingqimba ezimbili - enye amaseli columnar, elinye - of isipanji. Kulendzawo yangaphambilini iqukethe inqwaba chloroplast kuka lesibili. izitsha Xylem kuniketwe lapho uketshezi enikeziwe kusukela ezimpandeni amahlamvu, isb phezulu phloem sitopodobnyh siqukethe amashubhu lapho amanzi zithutha phansi. Mechanical efanayo izicubu ishidi ukunikeza rigidity nokuzinza, ukuma ethile.