KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Evolution in eziphilayo - umlando ...

Ukuthuthukiswa zomlando yasendle senzeka ngokuvumelana nemithetho ethile, futhi lubonakala ngokuqina iqoqo izici ngamunye. Biology impumelelo engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 bakhonza njengendikimba uyisicekelo ukudalwa kwesayensi entsha - biology kwemvelo. Washeshe kwaduma. Futhi kubonisa ukuthi kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo - kuba inqubo deterministic futhi engelapheki yentuthuko zilwane ngazinye futhi imiphakathi - izakhamuzi. Senzeka uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eMhlabeni, ezithinta bonke egobolondweni. Lesi sihloko sizogxila mayelana nendlela yokutadisha imiqondo zinhlobo futhi izici kwemvelo.

Umlando umbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthuthukiswa

Isayensi isidlulile ngendlela enzima kumiswa ngemibono yefilosofi mayelana izindlela ezihleli ubunjalo iplanethi yethu. Yaqala lapho imibono yabo ngendalo esashiwo C. Onomusa, Cuvier, Charles Layeleem. Umbono wokuqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo wethulwe yi-French usosayensi Lamarck e yakhe "Philosophy emayelana nezilwane". Umhloli wamazwe oyiNgisi Charlz Darvin ngowokuqala kwezesayensi wasikisela ukuthi kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo - kuyinqubo esekelwe ukushintshashintsha zofuzo ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. isisekelo salo umzabalazo khona.

Darwin wayekholelwa ukuthi ukubukeka ushintsho okuqhubekayo zezinto eziphilayo kuwumphumela lithathelwe yabo ushintsho njalo yizici zemvelo. Ukulwela ukukhipha khona, ngokuvumelana usosayensi, umzimba iqoqo ubudlelwano imvelo. Futhi isizathu kwako ekuphishekeleni izinto eziphilayo ukwanda izinombolo abafana nabo futhi bandise izindawo. Zonke lezi zici futhi kuhlanganisa kwemvelo. Biology, Ibanga 9 ezazini eziye zahlola ngokuhlanganyela eklasini, ucabangela zofuzo ukushintshashintsha futhi kwemvelo izinqubo "inkolelo-mbono kwemvelo".

ukuthuthukiswa Zokwenziwa hypothesis zomhlaba organic

Phakathi nokuphila kaCharles Darwin imibono yakhe baye bagxekwa ngu izazi eziningana owaziwa njengo F. Jenkin noMnu Spencer. Ekhulwini lama-20, ngenxa ucwaningo ngokushesha zofuzo postulating imithetho ufuzo Mendel sebekwazi ukwakha umbono zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Emibhalweni yakhe ke echazwe efana ososayensi adumile njengoba S. Chetverikov D. Haldane futhi C. Reid. Zazithi kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo - lo mkhuba intuthuko yemvelo, okuyinto ine aromorphoses ifomu, idioadaptatsy ezithinta imiphakathi zinhlobo ezahlukene.

Ngokusho lo mbono, izizathu ayigagasi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yokuphila, drift zofuzo nesizungu. Ifomu ekuthuthukiseni zomlando bemvelo kubonakala izinqubo ezifana speciation, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi microevolution. Imibono ngenhla yesayensi kungenziwa umelwe summation lolwazi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, okuyinto iwumthombo ukushintshashintsha zofuzo. Kanye Imibono sabantu, njengoba iyunithi isakhi ekuthuthukiseni zomlando kwezinhlobo.

Kuyini ukuvela imvelo?

Leli gama ubizwa biogeocenotic ezingeni yenhlangano yasendle. Kwenzeka microevolution nezinhlelo ezithinta imiphakathi olulodwa lwento ephilayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuvela zenyathi entsha nezinhlobo. Lapha, kukhona izinqubo eziholela ukubukeka taxa - izizukulwane, imindeni kanye amakilasi. Bangabakhe kwemvelo. Vernadsky ucwaningo efakazela ngobuhlobo obuseduze kuwo wonke amazinga yenhlangano lokuphila daba uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, uqinisekise yokuthi biogeocoenosis - imvelo izinqubo kwemvelo.

Emvuthwandaba, okungukuthi, isimo semvelo esitebeleni, lapho kukhona ezihlukahlukene imiphakathi amakilasi amaningi, izinguquko ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngalokulingene. Lesitshalo yalezi Biogeocenoses esitebeleni ngokuthi tsenofilnymi. Futhi izimo ezingaqinisekile kohlelo, kukhona kwemvelo incoherent phakathi Isizalo plastic, okubizwa ngokuthi tsenofobnyh zilwane. Migration izilwane imiphakathi ehlukene zohlobo olulodwa ukushintsha isakhi sofuzo yabo amachibi ngokuphula imvamisa nesenzakalo zezakhi zofuzo ezahlukene. Ngakho uthi biology yesimanje. Ukuvela emhlabeni organic, okuyinto kuzoxoxwa yithi ngezansi, kuyasiqinisekisa ngalokhu.

Izigaba yentuthuko bemvelo

Izazi ezifana S. Razumovsky futhi V Krasilov wafakazela ukuthi izinga kwemvelo ubunjalo ecashile ukuthuthukiswa kuyinto engalingani. Ziyakwazi izinguquko kancane futhi cishe imperceptible ku Biogeocenoses esitebeleni. Basuke ngokucijile yashesha ngezikhathi zezinhlekelele zemvelo .. enziwe izinhlekelele, izinguzunga zeqhwa zincibilika, njll Esikhathini uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli yesimanje iyikhaya 3 million zama-eziphilayo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kubo uyafundelwa Biology (Ibanga 7) ukuphila komuntu. Evolution lenyama, Coelenterata, Arthropoda, Chordata kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi kancane kancane we kwegazi, zokuphefumula, izinhlelo sezinzwa kwezilwane.

Izinsalela lokuqala eziphilayo ezitholakala Archean sedimentary amatshe. ubudala babo yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 2.5 ubudala. I eukaryotes uqala ukuvela ekuqaleni kwenkathi Proterozoic. ongakhetha Okungase kube umsuka eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ukuchaza imibono eyayisinesikhathi yesayensi fagotsitelly Mechnikov futhi gastraea E. Getellya. Evolution in eziphilayo - kuyindlela yemvelo kusuka Archean izinhlobo zokuqala eziphansi zokuphila ezihlukahlukene yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene lamadolobha esimanjemanje Era Cenozoic.

imibono yesimanje mayelana ukuvela izici

Ziyakwazi izimo ezibangela izinguquko oluhambelana e eziphilayo. genotype wabo evikelwe kakhulu emathonyeni yangaphandle (conservatism wechibi isakhi sofuzo kohlobo). Imininingwane Ukubambezeleka angasahlelwa oshintshwa isakhi sofuzo chromosomal ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Lena yindlela - yokufuna izici ezintsha kanye izakhiwo - kukhona ukuvela izilwane. Biology study ke ezigabeni ezifana anatomy ukuqhathanisa, biogeography nofuzo. Lokuzaliswa njengesizathu esinomthelela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kubaluleke kakhulu. Inikeza ushintsho izizukulwane futhi ngokuqhubeka ukuphila.

Indoda le Biosphere

Izinqubo yentuthuko amagobolondo Umhlaba nomsebenzi geochemical eziphilayo ukufunda biology. Ukuvela uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; iplanethi yethu inomlando Geological eside. Lwakhiwe nge Vernadsky ekufundiseni kwakhe. Yena owaqamba igama elithi "noosphere", ukuqonda ngaphansi kwaso kwethonya bayazi (engqondo) yezenzo zesintu imvelo. Ukuhlala ndaba, afakiwe zonke igobolondo le planethi, lishintsha nabo ichaza umjikelezo we izinto namandla.

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