Kusho ukuthini ukuba iqhwa izimali yempesheni yonyaka? Yini esongela ukumisa ukonga impesheni?

ukonga Umhlalaphansi ukuvumela izakhamuzi wokuthinta nemiholo yabo, kanye nomnotho - ukuze uthole isisetshenziswa utshalomali. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili elandelanayo, bona bawela i "ukongiwa" yesikhashana. I umisa ladluliselwa ngo-2016. Imininingwane eyengeziwe ngalokho kusho ukuthini "ukumisa imigqa ukonga impesheni" futhi lisongela indlela emnothweni wezwe futhi abantu, funda ku.

hlelwa kabusha

Nomholo sabantu abasebenzayo ngenyanga idluliselwe 22% imali yomshuwalense. 6% wabo siqondiswe kumiswa ekuqongeleleni kanye ezisalayo - umhlalaphansi. Ngesicelo izakhamuzi lonke inani ingathunyelwa ku kumiswa impesheni.

Abantu abazalwa ngaphambi 1967, accumulations akhiwa ngeminikelo yokuzithandela, izimali yenhloko-dolobha umzali. Ngo izakhamizi ukusebenza yonke iminikelo ethunyelwa kwi ukwakheka impesheni. Abantu abazalwa ngemva 1966, angakhetha ukusatshalaliswa zabo izimali. Khona-ke, izinguquko ishintshile. Ngokuba wesithathu ngonyaka ilandelana, yonke iminikelo ka-izakhamuzi abazisebenzayo aqondiswe kumiswa impesheni kunokuba ukonga.

kusilela

Ukulamula izimbobo isabelomali ngezindlela ezimbili. Eyokuqala - ukuze unciphise izikweletu zomphakathi kanye nezinkokhelo lukhonjwe yi-4.5%. samuntu okunjalo akwenzi abantu ukudonsa isabelomali, kuyilapho langempela izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali rate kuyinto 11.9%. Esesibili - ukunciphisa izibopho yezenhlalakahle zamanje, index ikusasa by 7%, kanye ukuphoqelela ukujanyiswa yesikhashana. Kusho ukuthini ukuba iqhwa ukonga impesheni?

prehistory

Ukuvuselelwa umnkantsha ukonga impesheni okuxoxwe ngazo uhulumeni noma kunini uma kuphakama umbuzo ngokuqondene mayelana nokusebenza. Ngokokuqala ngqá ukuthi lesi sinqumo senziwe ngo-2013 lapho beqala ukuba abuze imibuzo ngalokho kusho ukuthini "iqhwa ukonga yempesheni ngo 2014, wachaza:" kuhulumeni, kuba sinqumo sesikhashana, okuyinto ihlose ukuhlola NPF. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sithi ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-12 umisa kuzosuswa. Kodwa ahluleka. Ngo-2015, izimali echithwa izinyathelo anti-Inkinga - noma kunalokho, eCrimea. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa akazange abe nesikhathi ukuqedela ngonyaka. Entwasahlobo baqala ukucabanga ngalokho kufuna ukufriza ukonga impesheni ngoba wesithathu ngonyaka ilandelana, futhi wanquma ukususa umisa. Kodwa futhi ke kuhlulekile.

Uyini okokuqandisa ukonga impesheni

I umisa ihlala unyaka owodwa. Ukuthola isiqinisekiso eside lonke uhlelo. imikhawulo elinesithunzi kubo, uhulumeni uzama ukulamula emigodini isabelomali. Kusho ukuthini ukuba "ukumisa imigqa ukonga impesheni"? Ngokuphambene nalokho okukholelwa yiningi, lokhu isilinganiso ayisona waiver of imali. Ngokwe-Ministry of Finance, ngo-2016 kubalulekile zinciphise izindleko by ruble 576 billion. noma ukuthola umthombo obengeziwe uxhaso. Khona sizokwazi ukuhlangabezana kusilela nalehleliwe 3% we-GDP. Kungenjalo, e-2017-2018 biennium. Bayoba kakhulu mpilo izinqolobane isimo. Lena yindlela ukuqonda?

Freeze ozongela umhlalaphansi namanje kuphela isabelomali omunye uxhaso. Lapho ukwakha imali uhulumeni austerity. Ngenxa okwathatha isikhathi eside kangako oneminyaka emihlanu izindlela isabelomali sekulinganisa kusilela uhlala okungaka. Njengoba omunye ongakhetha kubhekwe okwandisa umthwalo wentela ku zikawoyela. isilinganiso esinjalo kufanele likusize ukudluliswa kwemali kusukela intuthuko kwimikhakha kumaphrojekthi entsha.

Cabangela ezinye izixazululo inkinga, ezifana nokuvusa intela severance, ukuncishiswa indexation kwezimpesheni , ukuze 4% zokwenqaba ukukhokha ukuguga sotsposobiya impesheni ukusebenza, futhi abanamasheya eyinzuzo ruble ezingaphezu kuka-1 million. On oda isimo ukuzivikela bakwazi ukusindisa aphume lohleliwe ruble 223 billion. Kuphela ambalwa kweshumi. Nokho, uma nje udaba bokukhulisa engu umhlalaphansi akuyona indaba edingidwayo.

Okwazekayo, kukhona inguqulo ukuthi imali angasetshenziswa ukuze ukukhokhela izindleko zokwakha izinkampani isimo, ukusiza kabusha emnothweni. In practice, lokhu samuntu awenziwa. Izimali ezisetshenziswa ukulamula izimbobo isabelomali.

whammy double

Half of the ruble 1.7 trillion. izimali NPF abangu atshalwe izibopho ezinkampani. Ngo-2015, ama-ruble angu-200 zamarandi zabelwe emnothweni. ukonga. Misa kuphela isimo sibe sibi isimo.

Isiteleka ngeke kabili uma imali uzogxila izindleko kunokuba ngeemali kusilela. Ngo isabelomali 2016 wabeka phansi waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi ivolumu imali (ruble 30 bhiliyoni. Ukuze 500 billion). Isimo kuyinto ababoleka ikhange nakakhulu emabhange. Lena kuzibandlulule izithakazelo izinkampani ukuthi angathanda futhi bazishaye isifuba ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa. Income sabantu uzoqhubeka ukushona, impesheni ngeke ngokobungako ezingeni emali langempela eminyakeni emithathu ezayo. Kuyinto umjikelezo omubi.

Kodwa noma yiziphi okusongelayo ukumisa ukonga yempesheni izakhamuzi? Deceleration ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe, ukulahlekelwa yokuqiniseka izikhungo impesheni. Akwaziwa ukuthi lezi ongakhetha sibi kakhulu.

izinzuzo

Njengoba asebenzelana ngayo ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba "ukumisa imigqa ukonga impesheni", ujike yombuzo lokho kuyokunikeza. Ngokusho amacebo Ministry of Finance, ngo-2016, lesi sinyathelo kuzosiza kuzo ukuze sikhokhele lolu isabelomali ruble 344 billion. phezu 3 iminyaka elandelayo (kuze 2018 okufakayo) ngokunciphisa ukudluliselwa FIU. Kodwa luyini ngempela izothunyelwa ku imali, ayicacisiwe.

impumelelo

Phakathi umisa lokuqala ngo-2014, imali esetshenziselwa ukukhokhela izimpesheni zamanje. Kwathiwa kuhlelwe ukuthi ingxenye uzoya ubuyise izinqolobane crisis. Empeleni, izimali yasetshenziswa ukusekela eCrimea.

Ngo-2015, ukudluliswa kusuka isabelomali sikahulumeni ukuze Pension Fund ngeke azisizi ruble 2 trillion. (30% yezindleko impesheni). Lenyuka kabili. Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, ama-ruble angu-285 billion. It yayimayelana indexation kwezimpesheni ezingeni emali langempela, okuyinto ngenxa crisis lwemali laliphezulu kakhulu, futhi isinxephezelo eminikelo elahlekile. In autumn kwathatha elinye bhiliyoni 124 ruble. ngenjongo efanayo: ngenxa "nokuwohloka" yezinzuzo iminikelo alandanga.

Freeze - hhayi okukhipha lokugcina

impesheni uhlelo crisis siya siba sibi kakhulu unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2014, lokhu kusilela of 6 billion imbozwe cishe isigamu (ruble 2.4 trillion.). Yenkomba kuzodinga izimali ezengeziwe. Abanaso isabelomali. Ngakho-ke, isenzo reverse zingafundwa - ukwanda engu umhlalaphansi, izinkokhelo .. encishisiwe, ukugqugquzela ngasekupheleni ngokufaka iholide okufanele, njll Ukuba isitoreji eqandisiwe, isimo akusho uthola "ukuphila" imali, kodwa umane kunciphisa inani debenture zamanje. Uma uhulumeni enquma ukwehlisa yokukhokha (iziqinisekiso), ezingeni ukwethenjwa ohlelweni yempesheni izakhamuzi buzoba buncane. Kwasheshe liyavela umkhiqizo, ukukhiqizwa ukukhula rate. Ngakho-ke, lokhu isilinganiso ngisho uhulumeni isusa imibhikisho.

Ipulani 2016

Yenkomba sotspensy wenziwa nge esivezwa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali rate - 6.6%. Okuningi nokwanda okuphawulekayo izinkokhelo akunakwenzeka ngenxa isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu engazinzile: njengobunengi bemiphefumulo enamandla kuyehla, kuyilapho Isibalo sabathola impesheni yabadala lukhula.

Usayizi isilinganiso izinkokhelo ngo-2016 ngeke azisizi ayizinkulungwane 13.2. Hlikihla. Ngemva isingeniso yezinguquko ngo-2014, e-obuphelele lezinkathi kuhlanganisiwe ezifana ukunakekelwa kwengane, ekhubazekile, inkonzo yezempi. Nge isikimu entsha bengathola angabonelela ruble 500-700. Ukusebenza nabantu abadala oholo lakhe lonyaka idlula ayizinkulungwane 83. Hlikihla., Ingabe ozakudinywa izinzuzo, kodwa uzobuyisa zonke izinzuzo. nempesheni okhubazekile ibalwa ngesisekelo iqembu, kanye EDV (izinkokhelo zenyanga). Kusukela ngo-January 2016 kuyothiwa lukhonjwe yi-10%. Yandisa ukwenza izinkokhelo: I t. - ruble 900, II t .. - ruble 500, III c .. - ruble 400.

Kusukela 2012, izimpesheni lempi bayanda, kungakhathaliseki isimo somnotho. 2016 kuhlelwe ukukhula 7.5%. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izokhanselwa 2% kwalokho, izinkokhelo ayokwenziwa isevisi eside. Kunenye emisha. Uma isevisi impesheni lempi bayoba ukuya emsebenzini "isakhamuzi", ukukhokhiswa kuzokwenziwa ubude evamile yesevisi, kungekho amacala esengeziwe.