Izimfihlo ZaseGibhithe Lasendulo: Iyini ubuchwepheshe yokwenza i-papyrus?

Ubuchwepheshe basendulo bokukhiqiza izinto ezathatha abapristi nabaphathi baseGibhithe bephethe iphepha, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, bekungabonakali. Isizathu salokhu akuyona kuphela ukuzithoba kombuso ekukhiqizeni i-papyrus nokuvikelwa kashisekayo kwezimfihlo zezohwebo, kodwa nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu eNayile Delta nezinkinga zemvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-papyrus yokugcina eGibhithe isiphelile. Ngesigamu sesibili sekhulu lama-20 somdlandla uHasan Ragab ukhathazekile ngokuvuselelwa kwalesi sitshalo nokucwaninga ngamathuba okusebenza kwawo. Kungenxa yocwaningo lwakhe lokuthi umuntu wanamuhla uyazi inqubo yokwenza i-papyrus.

Incazelo ye-papyrus yabaseGibhithe lasendulo

Isitshalo esinamanzi ashisayo , esihlobene nokudonsa futhi esihlobene ne-sychi, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningana edlule sakha amahlumela amnandi emabhange aphansi eNayile ekufinyeleleni kwawo okuphansi. I-Papyrus iyinhlanzi ephakeme ebushelelezi, ene-"isambulela" yamagqabi amancane okuthiwa i-lanceolate. I-inflorescence ye-papyrus ifana nomuntu oshaywayo, oqukethe izinqwaba ze-spikelets. I-styling stalk ye-papyrus inzima, iguquguqukayo futhi ihlala njalo.

Yayisetshenziswa njengento ephathekayo yefenisha, izikebhe, ama-rafts. Kusukela kugobolondo, izintambo, amabhasikidi nezicathulo zenziwa. Izimpande ezomile zalesi sitshalo zazisetshenziswa njengamafutha. Ingxenye elula yesibhamu, eyayingaphansi kwamanzi, yayisetshenziselwa ukudla. Ingxenye efanayo yayingcono ekwenzeni "iphepha".

Izinyathelo zokukhiqiza i-papyrus: ukuhlukaniswa, "umhlangano", ukomisa ngaphansi komshini wokunyathelisa, ukupholisa, ukugcoba

Ingxenye engezansi ye-stem yahlanzwa kusukela kugobolondo, ikhulula inyama enesisindo, enamafutha futhi enamafutha. Kwahlukaniswa ngamacwecwe amancane 40-50 cm ubuchwepheshe besikhathi samanje buhilela ukugubha izinsuku eziningana.

Amapuleti aqediwe (izibopho) ahlanganiswa phezu kwendawo ephahleni, ehlanganiswe ngendwangu nesikhumba: isendlalelo sokuqala - efana nomkhawulo wetafula, okwesibili - ngokulinganayo. Ekuqaleni, ububanzi beshidi eliqediwe alingekho ngaphezu kuka-15 cm, kodwa kamuva abaseGibhithe bafunda ukwenza izikhukhula ezinkulu. Phakathi nenqubo yokubeka, le nto yahlanjululwa ngamanzi avela eNayile.

Khona-ke amashidi abekwe ngaphansi komshini wokunyathelisa. Kwakudingekile ukuthi lezi zimpahla zihlangane ndawonye, futhi i-papyrus yaba yincanyana futhi ifane.

Ama-nuances namaqiniso awaziwa kakhulu

Iyini ubuchwepheshe yokwenza i-papyrus, kulula ukuchaza. Yonke inkimbinkimbi yayinamahloni. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi eside i-papyrus yayigcinwe ngaphansi komshini wokucubungula noma ngaphambi kokugcoba, kwakumnyama. Kwakubalulekile ukungabambezeli inqubo: abaseGibithe babekhetha izinto zokukhanya. Ubuso bamashidi belashwa ngekhampani ekhethekile evimbela inkinobho ukuba isakazeke. Yenziwe ngeviniga, ufulawa namanzi abilayo. Ukukhipha amashidi ngaphansi komshicileli, amakhosi abashaya ngezintambo ezikhethekile futhi ahlanganiswe ngamatshe okugcoba, izingcezu zokhuni noma amathambo. I-papyrus elungiselelwe yayomile elangeni. Bese bahlangana ndawonye ukwenza umqulu. AbaseGibhithe banakekelwa ukuqondiswa kwezimbambo, ngakho kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuthola "umcibisholo". Wabhala, njengombuso, ngakolunye uhlangothi (okuyinto amaRoma kamuva abiza i-recto). Ukwakhiwa kwe-papyrus eGibhithe lasendulo kwasakazwa. Bathengisa ngemigqa: "ukusika" futhi "ngesisindo".

I-Papyrus e-Antiquity

"Pa nge aa," noma "impahla yamakhosi," abaseGibhithe ngokwabo babiza "iphepha" labo. Baqala ukusebenzisa i-papyrus emuva kwenkulungwane yeshumi leminyaka BC. E. AmaGreki ayeboleka leli gama, ngokungafani ukushintsha ukubiza kwakhe. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iGibithe lanikeza lonke izwe lasendulo nge-papyrus , ngakho-ke laqhubeka kuze kube ngu-800 AD. E. Kulokho kwakubhalwe imithetho, imibono yobuciko kanye nenkolo, imifanekiso enemibala. Ngekhulu le-1 AD E. Isazi-mlando uPliny Umdala emsebenzini wakhe esithi "Umlando Wezemvelo" uthinte umbuzo wokuthi yibuphi ubuchwepheshe bokubhala i-papyrus. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi olunikeziwe lwaluncane kakhulu ukuze ubuyisele ubuciko.

Ngokusho kukaStrabo noPliny, kwakukhona izinhlobo eziningana ze-papyrus. I-Augustinian, i-Libyan ne-Hieratic yayibhekwa njengeyona engcono kakhulu ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma. Okulandelayo kwalandela i-amphitheatre (i-Alexandrian), iSaitic neTeneot. Zonke zazihloselwe ukubhala. Futhi, abaseGibithe badayisa "iphepha lokuhweba" - "i-papyrus" eshibhile.

Ukuvuselelwa kwezimfihlo zezohwebo

"Iyini ubuchwepheshe yokwenza i-papyrus?" - lo mbuzo waqala ukukhathazeka u-Hasan Ragab, unxusa waseGibhithe eMbusweni oPhakathi, lapho ejwayele umndeni waseShayina owahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni iphepha ngendlela yendabuko. Lokhu kwakungu-1956. Lapho ebuyela ekhaya, uRabab wathenga umhlaba wesitshalo, wasuka eSudan endaweni ephephile futhi wenza ucwaningo lwesayensi. URabab nabafundi bakhe bakwazi ukwenza i-papyrus, hhayi ephansi kwekhwalithi kuma-sampuli asendulo kunazo zonke. Kulo, abaculi abanamakhono baseGibhithe benza izibuko: amakhophi wemifanekiso etholakala emathuneni nasemisebenzini yokuqala.

Namanje kunzima ukusho ukuthi ngabe i-papyrus yanamuhla kaRabab iyoba yinto eqinile njenge-papyrus yaseGibhithe lasendulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sesimo sezulu sesishintshile, sesiphezulu kakhulu, futhi i-papyrus iyaphanga emanzini. Kwaziwa nokuthi uRabab wenza kanjani ngokunembile inqubo yokwenza i-papyrus. Mhlawumbe wazilethela okuthile kuye. Kodwa, ngandlela-thile, imiqulu yesimanje namapaneli wokuhlobisa athengiswa ngempumelelo, nolwazi ngalokho ubuchwepheshe bokukwenza i-papyrus itholakale kuzo zonke izivakashi ezifuna ukwazi.