Kuyini GDP umnotho? Gross womkhiqizo wakuleli

Umuntu abavamile kungekho imfundo somnotho sisibi ngempela ukuqonda ukuthi yini i-GDP. Kwezomnotho, lesi sibalo kubaluleke kakhulu. Kususelwa kulo, singa ukulinganisa izinga ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe kanye nokuncintisana yayo emakethe ngamazwe.

Gross womkhiqizo wakuleli (GDP) - iqoqo izimpahla (izimpahla namasevisi), ekhishwa izakhamizi endaweni ezweni elithile lumelele unyaka, obonakaliswe yokugcina amanani umkhiqizo.

Uma sikubeka kalula, umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene - inani eliphelele zonke izimpahla namasevisi ezivezwa zonke amabhizinisi kanye nezinhlangano yezwe phakathi nenkathi yokubika okunikeziwe (ngokuvamile kulinganiselwa ngonyaka ikhalenda).

Uyini-GDP emnothweni?

Le nkomba kubaluleke kakhulu kokuhlaziywa ukusebenza emnothweni. Gross womkhiqizo wakuleli libhekene izinga ukukhula ezingeni yentuthuko yayo. Ngokuvamile, i-GDP isetshenziselwa ukukala izinga lokuphila labantu isimo. I emikhulu inombolo, ayanda kubhekwa izinga lokuphila (ukuhlobana indices likhona, kodwa kufanele kusetshenziswe, nezinye izinkomba olucacile kwezomnotho).

I okuzisholo futhi ngempela umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene

GDP kungaba ezimbili zama:

1. Okuzisholo (kubalwa kwesikhathi amanani).
2. Real (kubalwa esikhathini esedlule amanani engaqhathaniswa). Ngokuvamile, ukuqhathanisa amanani konyaka odlule zithathwa.

Ukubalwa GDP yangempela ivumela iwukudambisa nomthelela intengo izinga lokukhula kanye ukucacisa ukwanda net emnothweni yembuso.

Ngokuvamile, i-GDP is Nokho ebalwa yendawo, uma kukhona isidingo ukuqhathanisa amanani ehlukene emazweni ahlukahlukene, kungase lahunyushelwa kwezinye lwemali ngesikhathi esifanele exchange rate. Yandisa ivolumu GDP embulungeni yonke ngalendlela lelandzelako (2013).

Buyela (isethi) indlela yokubala GDP

Kuyini GDP umnotho? Lena, okokuqala, izinga kusekelwe ukuhlolwa inzuzo abanikazi yezici ukukhiqizwa. Ukubalwa kwenzeka summation yabo. Kulokhu, lemali GDP kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:

• W - ngenani eliphelele inkokhelo ikhokhwe bonke abasebenzi yezwe (izakhamuzi ze-non-abahlali);
• Q - nenani iminikelo yokuphepha komphakathi tesive
• R - inzuzo (okwedlulele);
• P - engenayo okuxubile (okwedlulele);
• T - izintela (yokungenisa futhi ukukhiqiza).

Ngakho, ifomula ebalisisiwe kuyinto: GDP = W + Q R + P-T

Ukusetshenziswa (ukukhiqizwa) indlela

Labantu ngokuhamba umsebenzi wakhe, esikhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye izinhlobo umkhiqizo wokugcina (libhekisela imikhiqizo noma amasevisi ukuthi zinenani ezithize). Kuyinto isiqalo nesigcino izindleko sabantu sika for yokufuna imikhiqizo umsebenzi wokugcina futhi kuyoba umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene. Ngo ukubala GDP okukhiqiza izibalo kanje:

• C - izindleko sabantu ngezidingo umthengi;
• Ig - yangasese nokulingana ukumnika ku emnothweni (okwedlulele);
• G - kwempahla yomphakathi (uhulumeni ukuthenga izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo)
• NX - nokuthengiswa net (umehluko phakathi ezithumela kwamanye amazwe isimo).

GDP ibalwa ifomula: GDP = C + Ig +-G + NX

Ukubala of value-added

Ezomnotho Institute ivumela ekubalweni lemali GDP by value added. Le nqubo ikuvumela ukuba uthole inkomba inembe kakhulu kunazo zonke i-GDP, njengoba Ufaka ushintsho ezingaba ngephutha ukubalwa yokugcina amathekhiniki ngaxoxa. Okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa ukubala we value added ukuqeda kungenzeka ukubala double. izinkomba Efingqa wanezela value abo bonke izimpahla namasevisi ezweni, ungakwazi thembeke ukubala e-GDP. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-value added - ukubaluleka emakethe izimpahla lokususa izindleko zokwakha kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa othengwe kusukela abahlinzeki.

GDP lengenako

Omunye izinkomba ezibalulekile kakhulu futhi ezingeni yentuthuko emnothweni wesifundazwe. Kunqunywa sokuhlukanisa GDP inani kwenani abakhileyo ezweni futhi kubonisa ukuthi bangaki imikhiqizo ziye ekhiqizwa okwesikhathi esithile, ngokwesilinganiso ngoba owakhileyo isimo ngasinye. Futhi, lesi sibalo ngokuthi "imali lengenako".

Iphinde isetshenziselwe njalo inkomba ukuthuthukiswa komnotho iyona gross umkhiqizo kazwelonke (GNP), okuyinto esifingqa umkhiqizo wokugcina ekhiqizwa ensimini ka ezweni nasemazweni aphesheya. Isimo main wukuthi nomkhiqizi imikhiqizo babe izakhamuzi State.

Kuyini GDP umnotho kanye indima yalo kuleli ukuhlaziya izinguquko kakade esiwafundile. Ngakho yiziphi GDP yangempela emhlabeni namuhla?

Usezingeni lamazwe ngu-GDP okuzisholo

Lokhu isilinganiso senziwa ngesisekelo the zihunyushelwe amadola emakethe (noma emiswe iziphathimandla), izinga GDP bokuzisholo. Umnotho wezwe isethiwe ukuze sibalo emazweni asathuthuka ngandlela-thile aphansi, kuyilapho athuthukile - is overstated. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi it is hhayi kunakwe umehluko izindleko imikhiqizo efanayo emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwabayishumi abaphasa ngamalengiso, ngokuvumelana IMF ngo-2013, imi kanje:

Usezingeni lamazwe ngu -GDP okuzisholo lengenako

Izinga GDP lengenako kuyinkomba, kodwa hhayi inkomba inembe kakhulu kunazo zonke umnotho, njengoba kusele imininingwane washonaphi ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha komnotho, izindleko zokukhiqiza, izinga layo, kanye nezinye izakhi ezibalulekile zokulungiselela isimiso sezomnotho.

Uhlu amazwe 10 ne amazinga aphakeme we-GDP lengenako, ngokuvumelana IMF ngo-2013, imi kanje:

ukukhula komnotho Russian ingasheshi inkinga

Inkinga izinqubo Global, kanye nezici eziningana kwezomnotho subjective ziye zabangela ukuthi 2013-2014 baye ngcono kanye nezomnotho Russia. We-GDP, ngokulandelana, lakhula kancane kakhulu. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana Alekseya Ulyukaeva, lowo ophethe isikhundla kaNgqongqoshe wezokuThuthukiswa koMnotho we Russian Federation 2013 kwaba babi umnotho Russian nonyaka Inkinga 2008. Encwadini yakhe phezu umkhiqizo waseRussia okwedlulele asekhaya ukhulise okushesha njengokungena kulindeleke. Ngakho, kulindeleke ukwanda GDP kwehle umnyango kusuka 3.6% esikhathini ekuqaleni-2.4% ngo-June futhi ekugcineni 1.4% ngo-December.

Isimo umkhakha babehlale angabi nathemba. Uma izimayini namanje kwaba nokwanda kancane, yokukhiqiza waze wabonisa nokwehla okuncane. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali futhi hit ngo-0.5% okukhulu kunokulindelekile.

Izimbangela lenkinga emnothweni Russian

Ngakho, siyabona izimpawu yokujama tsi emnothweni Russian. On ke zikhona izizathu inhloso ukuthi kungenziwa zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu 2: zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.

izici yangaphakathi

1. Umnotho uyisibonelo eluhlaza. Kulesi imodeli, share enkulu imali emnothweni kungenxa ukuthekelisa impahla eluhlaza, eyagcina isiphelile. Futhi encishisiwe ngevolumu ukukhiqizwa yokukhiqiza zasekhaya kanye nokuncintisana yayo.
2. Izinkinga elikhangayo utshalomali. Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa izifunda ngazinye yezwe ukuba khona kwezimali emkhakheni wezolimo yangempela emnothweni. Namuhla, abatshali bezimali abaningi bezinye izizwe bayadideka ngenxa yokuswela evikelwe ukusizwa kungenzeka. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba sithathe izinyathelo ukudala zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele zomthetho yesimanje, kanye ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa izinqubo ngamazwe.
3. Ukumba eqolo amaphrojekthi ibhizinisi. Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa nezindleko ngokweqile kwezimali ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi, amaholo, ukuqashwa kwezakhiwo nezindawo, kanye nezindleko ezikhambisana nemikhiqizo. Kuyadingeka ukuba afeze iqoqo lezinyathelo zokunciphisa izindleko.

iziphi izici zangaphandle

1. lawa Jikelele kwezomnotho e-Europe. Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho womhlaba kuyinto cyclical futhi kuhambisana nezikhathi ezinzima nezimnandi.
2. ukunqabela emazweni angaphandle (kokubili izindleko futhi ubukhulu ngokomzimba). Ngenxa kokubili komnotho aseYurophu, futhi ukukhathala eluhlaza izinto imodeli ukuthuthukiswa emnothweni kazwelonke.

Ngakho, ukunqoba lenkinga emnothweni kuyadingeka ukuze reorient embonini, ngcono isimo sezulu utshalomali, kanye nethemba ngcono Amathrendi jikelele emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba.