Izindaba UmphakathiUmnotho

Malthusian theory kafushane. Malthus futhi inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela labantu

Thomas R. Malthus kwaba kummeleli classical esikoleni kwezomnotho eminyaka 18-19th. Imisebenzi yakhe enkulu yashicilelwa 1798 futhi 1820. Malthus futhi "labantu theory" yakhe enza khona umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi.

biography

Malthus wazalwa ngo-1766, ngoFebhuwari 14. Uyise wayengumGreki umuntu emangalisayo kakhulu. Wayethanda isayensi, zigcinwe izibopho nobungane Hume futhi Rousseau. Ngo-1788-m iziqu Malthus Jesús College, eCambridge University. Ngokwesiko, njengoba uthunjana, kwakufanele bonyana enze ukuqala umsebenzi okungokomoya. Ngemva ekolishi, Malthus owamiswa. Ngo 1793 wathola iziqu zenkolo. Kusukela 1797 kuya 1803, Malthus kwaba umbambeli kwelinye Surrey ezifundeni. Nokho, intsha yakhe kakhulu isayensi. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi Malthus waqala ukufundisa. Sonke isikhathi sakhe waziphatha ucwaningo izinkinga ubuhlobo imihlola kwezomnotho kanye zemvelo. Ngo-1805 wamukela isabelo cela ukwenza uprofesa emnyangweni womlando wanamuhla futhi umnotho nezombusazwe College we-East India Company. Lapha, wabuye waba umfundisi.

ithiyori Malthusian (kafushane)

Sekuvele umsebenzi oyinhloko ekuphileni kwakhe. I inguqulo yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngokungaziwa ku 1798. Malthus futhi inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela labantu okubangelwa ukuhlaselwa lapho eziningi. Kuyinto emhlabathini futhi kuholele yokuthi kusukela 1799 kuze 1802 wokuqala waqala ukuhambela amanye amazwe e-Europe. Phakathi nohambo, uqoqe idatha, idatha izibalo. Konke lokhu kwaziswa wasetshenziswa ukuba ulungise umsebenzi wabo. Emva tour in 1803-m Kakade ungaphansi ngegama lakhe siqu wanyathelisa olusha lwencwadi incwadi kulekelelwa. imisebenzi Okwalandela tiphindze kwelulwe kakhulu futhi olusha. ithiyori Malthusian, ngamafuphi, isibe indatshana enkulu kuhlanganisa izinkambo zomlando, ukuhlaziya abagxeka kwezinye izincwadi zezazi-abalobi.

Imininingwane yalolu nokulungiselela

Ngo uhlelo lokuqala theory Malthus sika sabantu ifingqa mqondo yakhe ngesimo lokubala ubuningi babantu yenombolo lamazwe. Nokho, ekulungiseleleni indzabambhalo umlobi ayaziwa ngisho idatha elula kwezibalo, kwamanye amazwe hhayi kuphela, kodwa iBrithani. Ngokwesibonelo, wayekholelwa ukuthi isibalo sabantu British - abayizigidi ezingu-7 abantu. Ukubalwa kwabantu kuka siqhutshwa e-amamitha 1801, leli nani cishe ezingu-11. Ngo uhlelo lwesibili bamukelwa kubhekelwe wathola imininingwane yezibalo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ibandla idatha ezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso yokuziphendukela Malthusian iye kulekelelwa ngolwazi bakwamanye amazwe. 6 edishini badedelwa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Njalo imfundiso yokuziphendukela Malthusian kwaphuma bonke inqwaba.

Imvelo kanye nokwenyuka kwenani umhlaba iqashwe

Lona omunye umsebenzi omkhulu, okwadala Malthus. It yanyatheliswa ngo-1815. Kuleli phephandaba, umlobi, esekelwe emvelweni imali ezweni, wazama ukuthola izindlela lasungulwa futhi ukwanda, ukuze bathethelele ukubaluleka iqashwe ukuqaliswa umkhiqizo Imininingwane ekhishwe Inkampani. Kodwa izahlulelo zakhe lokugcina benziwa kamuva. Ngo-1820 wakhipha umqulu umsebenzi wakhe wesibili obalulekile lapho ithiyori kwezomnotho ka Malthus sabhalwa.

Ingqikithi yalo mqondo 1798

Thomas Malthus futhi inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela inhloso kokuqala ukuthuthukisa ukuphila komuntu. Ephephabhukwini lakhe, umlobi isebenzisa ezihlukahlukene izigaba futhi imiqondo. Encwadini yakhe ethi kukhona hhayi kuphela kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi yemvelo-zefilosofi, lwezenhlalo, tebuciko, futhi imibono nemikhuba yenkolo. Encwadini yakhe ethi ecabange inkinga lokubala ubuningi babantu kungakhathaliseki iyiphi yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle jikelele. Population theory T. Malthus uzwakalise njengenhlangano umthetho okuphakade, ezingeguquleke, zemvelo kanye ongenakugwenywa nemvelo. Umbhali umangalele ukuthi isibalo sabantu kwandisa endaweni Jomethri nalabo yokuziphilisa i inchubekelembili izibalo. Ngokwe labantu T. Malthus, ngemva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili, lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama isibalo sabantu nezisetshenziswa kungaba 256: 9, futhi ngemva ezintathu - 4096: 13. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-2000, igebe phakathi izigaba kungaba engenakulinganiswa futhi engenamkhawulo. Lo mbono T. Malthus kamuva ubizwe umthetho ekunqabeni inhlabathi lokuzala. Kuphindaphindwe kabili inani abakhileyo iplanethi, ngokuvumelana umbhali, kuyoba okulingana ukubaluleka izwe unqabile ngesigamu. Lapho bebaningi abantu abazisebenzisayo, izinsalela ngaphansi komhlaba kutshalwa umuntu ngamunye. Kule ndaba, kukhona emuva ukuthambekela ukwandisa kwenkululeko izinsiza ukudla ngokwandisa isibalo sabantu abakule planethi. ithiyori Malthusian kalungisiswa yimuphi amaqiniso angempela. Umbhali ibangelwa kuphela imibono awasekelwe yiwo ubufakazi obuzwakalayo, kwakudingeka kulandwe izinto zokwakha ngisho ukubaluleka kancane esisebenzayo.

ukungqubuzana

Nokho, inkolelo-mbono Malthus sika, iqukethe iqiniso. Kodwa akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ufaneleke ezizathwini bakhe, kodwa kunalokho, ukhuluma ukungathembeki kwakhe njengoba ososayensi. Umbhali ngawe zibona yakhe kabili labantu eNyakatho neMelika e eminyakeni eyikhulu ikota. Yena okholwa ukuthi leli qiniso liqinisekisa isiphetho sokuthi ukwanda isibalo sabantu e umkhuba oqhubekayo wokubuka weJiyomethri. Kodwa empeleni, njengoba sazi uthi ekukhuleni izakhamuzi eziningi ingekho ngokukhululekile. Umbhali uyaphawula ukuthi mqondo mayelana kabili senzeka. Kulula ukubala ukuthi icala ezahlukene iminyaka eziyinkulungwane, isibalo sabantu ngabe ngabe mhlawumbe wakhushulelwa izikhathi 240. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma 1001 BC. e. wahlala nabantu 2, bese ngo-2001 babeyoba 2 x 1012 (noma $ 2 isigidintathu abantu.). Le mali imayelana 300 izikhathi ezincane kwenani langempela namuhla.

Izinkinga umqondo

Lokuzaliswa e inchubekelembili weJiyomethri kungase kudingeke ngokuvumelana umbhali, kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithize. Empeleni, umuntu njalo babhekana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezithiyo. Lezi Malthus kuchasiselwe lezi zinkinga ezilandelayo:

  1. lomgwaqo zokuziphatha. Umbhali ukholelwa ukuthi kungumsebenzi zonke umuntu elala e Iqiniso lokuthi ngaphambi kokuba unquma ukushada, kubalulekile oveza isimo lapho uzokwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphila nenzalo yabo. Njengoba sihambisana nale ukuthambekela ukuphila komkhaya kufanele uzitholele amandla ayo ukuze balondoloze amandla futhi evuka ngabanye bangashadi ukufeza ezingeni oyifunayo basuke bengabangane bengcebo ukuzinikela nzima.
  2. Vices. Lezi Malthus kuchasiselwe uxhumano ezingezona ezemvelo, ukungabi nasimilo, le desecration kombhede umndeni, amaqhinga ahlukahlukene Benziwe yokufihla izixhumanisi ezonakele.
  3. Nokungajabuli. Babekholelwa indlala umbhali, impi, isifo, ubhubhane, ukweqisa ahlukahlukene, ingane ukungondleki, ngokweqile, umsebenzi onzima, imisebenzi enobungozi nokunye.

Kufanele, Nokho, kuthiwe kabili isibalo landawo ezithathwe isigaba esithile ekukhuleni komphakathi. Kodwa kwathi ngenxa ukufuduka, kunokuthi wokukhula ongokwemvelo.

abantu ubumpofu

Ngokwe-izinkolelo-mbono Malthus, le eyinhloko ebangela ubumpofu akuzona izinkinga yenhlangano kwezenhlalo emphakathini. Abampofu musa Unelungelo owafuna utho ocebile. Ngokusho umbhali, yamuva ayizona enecala kokuhluleka kokuqala. ithiyori Malthus ka ubumpofu kusekelwe yokuthi ubumpofu lokhu kukhambisana encane noma ukhetha ukungabuthinti nhlobo sincike zohulumeni noma yokwaba ingcebo. Labanjingile akakwazi ukunikhulula ukudla abampofu, kanye nomsebenzi. Kule ndaba, abampofu, eqinisweni izinto angenalo ilungelo lazo zonke ukuthi zifune ukuqondiswa ukudla noma imisebenzi. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana labantu imfundiso yokuziphendukela Malthus, le eyinhloko ebangela ubumpofu imithetho ongenakugwenywa nemvelo.

umqondo aphoyintimenti

Lembula ngokwaso kakhulu ngokucabanga kumbhali. ithiyori Malthusian igxile ukukhubazeka engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba wezisebenzi, ubufakazi ubuze futhi akunasisekelo izimangalo sabasebenzi kwenza onxiwankulu. Umbhali ikakhulukazi wagcizelela ukuthi isingeniso ukusakaza imibono yakhe phakathi kwabantu abampofu lizoba nomthelela omuhle uquqaba zokusebenza, okuyinto Yiqiniso, kwaba kunenzuzo lesigaba esibusayo. Malthus wazikhandla ukuphuca umzabalazo inhlabathi yesigaba sabasebenzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yena sakubhuqa futhi besiphikisa obala ukubulawa kwabo nezidingo aphansi wobulungisa, okubalulekile emalungelo etisebenti. Umbhali ukubeka phambili umbono wokuthi sabasebenzi uqobo okufanele asolwe ngokwehluleka yayo. sabasebenzi yabo ubumpofu zingancishiswa ngu kuphela ekunciphiseni izinga lokuzalwa. Izinyathelo ekunqandeni ukwanda kwenani labantu ecabange lomgwaqo zokuziphatha, usizi, ukudeda imishado dabukisa kokuzama zabasebenzi, isifo, impi, isifo esiwumshayabhuqe nendlala. Wabona le nasekwelapheni kuphela ngempumelelo futhi zemvelo engasetshenziswa ukubhubhisa "amadoda engadingekile".

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela "besithathu" Malthus

Umbhali wakhonza njengephayona abaphikisi categorical umqondo ukubaluleka Ricardo. Malthus wasikisela ukuba ukuthuthukiswa okwalandela kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela zabasebenzi kungaholela ukuchayeka izinkinga capitalism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi esekelwe emibonweni Ricardo sika, wathola isimo yisinanakazana wengeniso ezweni. Wagomela ukuthi kubalulekile ngokuchuma zesizwe, ukuze izwe namabutho eziphambili elikhiqizayo ukuwo inombolo ethile "besithathu" - engenzi umthengi. Phakathi kwabo, ngokombono wakhe, kuzobe kudayiswa ingxenye zokukhiqiza, ingxenye imbuyiselo capitalists. Ngakho inkinga yokusabalalisa imali ziyoxazululwa.

umphumela

Cishe ngokuphazima kweso ngemuva kokushicilelwa theory Malthus 'ukuveza isibe impikiswano nayizikhulu zikahulumeni, izifundiswa, walala abantu kumbuthano. Ngaphezu kwalokho abalandeli umqondo, futhi izimo zazingcono kakhulu nezimbangi. Abanye abagxeki baye basuka agumenti ngokwanele ezakhayo. Malthus emsebenzini kamuva ekhonjiwe ochwepheshe abavela emikhakheni yesayensi ahlukahlukene. Umsebenzi wakhe yaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umqondo zikaDarwin.

ukugxekwa kaMarx

abameleli esikoleni classical baye kudalulwe indima mva sabantu theory. Marx wabonisa ukuthi okushiwo umqondo kusekelwe esikhundleni kwemithetho ethize kwezenhlalo nezomnotho-capitalism postulates yemvelo "angunaphakade ezingeguquleke". Marx wafakazela ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela labantu nhlobo. Ukuze ukwakheka ngamunye yezenhlalakahle ngumnikazi umthetho othile esingokwemvelo. nokwanda Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke akuyona futhi awukwazi. Ukukhula kwesibalo sabantu - into isihlobo. Kusebenza njengomnyombo isici esithile kohlelo isicebi, okuzovela ngaphansi kwethonya umthetho wayenemfuyo. Kuyinto lokhu, kunokuba imithetho yemvelo ngenxa yobubha yesigaba sabasebenzi. The main "ingxabano" Malthus uye wasebenzisa umthetho nesayensi banciphise uyabuya. Marxists baye bagxekwa kakhulu lo mqondo. Zazithi umbhali nabasekeli bakhe ukuthi uthathe hhayi ku-akhawunti ukwanda amabutho elikhiqizayo futhi intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Lenin, ligxeka theory, ethi akukho nobunzima jikelele ukuthola ukudla nokokusekela ukuba inkinga kuphela isigaba esithile somphakathi - sabasebenzi. Lokhu nobunzima kunqunywa kosozimali ethize, hhayi imithetho yemvelo.

umbono Mises

Lo mlobi kugcizelelwe kwethonya umqondo Malthus sika liberalism theory. Mises babekholelwa ukuthi isenzo njengoba imfundiso kaZiqu-social liberalism eziphakanyisiwe. Njengoba core lo mbono Waqamba mbono nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. Kuphela uma ubuhlobo obuseduze kakhulu lo mqondo kungaba yiqiniso ukuchaza izimo zenhlalo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Malthusian. Umphakathi selivela union zabantu ukuba balisebenzise kangcono yezinto engokwemvelo khona. Eqinisweni, umphakathi - kuvinjelwe nokuqothulwa mutual. Emphakathini, esikhundleni sokulwa esetshenziswa mutual. It yakha isisusa esiyinhloko ukuziphatha kwamalungu awo. Ngaphakathi umphakathi kufanele kube khona ukulwa, kukhona zwe lamanje kuphela. Noma yimuphi ngxabano abazalwa ukubambezela nokubambisana nomphakathi. Mises unika echaza iziphetho Malthus. Uthi ubunikazi yangasese izindlela zokukhiqiza - isimiso regulative. Inikeza ukulinganisela phakathi ezandayo abathengi kanye kunciphisa izinsiza. Lomgomo yakha ubuhlobo ngamunye quota ngamanye umkhiqizo kwezomnotho bekisa kwi isici zabasebenzi kanye nempahla. Isengezo ithola ekwehliseni izinga lokuzalwa ngaphansi kwethonya umphakathi, ukuqedwa amalungu engadingekile emphakathini, by Isifaniso nezwe yemifino noma isilwane. Umsebenzi we labantu emzabalazweni ngoba khona yaqaphela "isithiyo zokuziphatha nokukhawulela inzalo."

umqondo Ukuvikelwa

Mises, phakathi kwezinye izinto, + akabonisi icala ukubeka phambili Malthus unya futhi misanthropy. Umbhali uxwayisa abafundi ngokumelene eziphethweni ezingalungile. Uthi emphakathini abakwazi khona wokulwela ukuphila. Mises babekholelwa ukuthi ukwenza lokho kucabanga ngesihluku esekelwe izinkolelo-mbono Malthus - yephutha okwedlulele. Wathi: izitatimende sithathwa emongweni futhi isetshenziselwe ekuchazweni kabi ngenxa yomsebenzi enganele futhi ongaphelele oshicilelweni lokuqala. edition wangempela ihlanganiswe phambi kwakheka umqondo wezomnotho kwezombangazwe classical.

Ukusebenzisa umqondo we

Naphezu ukwehluleka jikelele umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa sabantu, kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu emibuthanweni wobunxiwankulu. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi izicelo alesi sigaba emphakathini basutha kakhulu ngemibono. Ingxenye ezithusayo iningi umqondo amanothi ngalesi sikhathi. ukusabalalisa okusebenzayo kwe Neo-Malthusianism imibono ukutolika ahlukene okubangelwa ukwanda okusheshayo kwabantu (ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka). Lokhu kuthambekela sihambisana okubi kakhulu zezinkinga zemvelo, igebe ezikhulayo ezingeni intuthuko phakathi kwamazwe.

club waseRoma

Kuyinto inhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni level omhlaba. It owashadisa kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe kanye yesayensi izibalo kusukela ezihlukahlukene amazwe emhlabeni. I-Club of Rome esebeké phambili mqondo ukuthi nekhulu lama-20, isintu ifinyelele yokukhula komchazi imingcele ngaphakathi isikhala elinganiselwe. Lokhu yethulwa ngo umbiko wokuqala ngo-1972. Ngo-1974, omunye onobuhle zokuxazulula izinkinga global iye yakufakazela nomqondo ekuthuthukiseni zohlelo jikelele e indiza elinganiselwe ukukhula. Lesi sakamuva libhekisela inqubo yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo kwesakhiwo, okuyinto ihluke kakhulu ukwanda luyingxenye ambalwa e-undifferentiated. Abalobi ukusebenzisa lolu umqondo maqondana ukukhula isimiso sembulunga iyafana ukuthuthukiswa i umzimba, lapho amanothi lunye izakhi ezahlukene, nokusebenza sokuncika zabo bobabili. Isidingo ukusebenzisa indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo, ngokuvumelana ababambiqhaza, kubangelwa nawubuka crisis. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa ukubalwa kwabantu, izinto zokusetshenziswa, amandla, ukudla, ezemvelo kanye nezinye izinkinga.

isiphetho

Uma okuhlaselayo le naphakathi-ukuhlela ukusabalala Ngekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo cishe bonke abakhileyo emhlabeni, futhi uma kwezithibelo okunjalo ezingeni izingane 2.2-2.5 umshado ngamunye, kukhona izizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-21, isibalo sabantu Emhlabeni is uhlaliseke kubantu 11-12 bhiliyoni. Njengoba izimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ikhambi izinkinga wesi okwandayo kwabantu kukhona ushintsho ezingokomoya nezenhlalo ezijulile, nekwenyusa emazinga kwamasiko nendwangu eziphilayo izizwe emhlabeni. Kulokhu, engeyena umbuzo oyimpoqo zokuvimbela inzalo, ngokuvumelana theory isihambile ngu Malthus. Ingqikithi yalo izinkinga iyona ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa eziningi ngenhloso. Kuphela ngokusebenzisa le ndlela kwamanye amazwe futhi izifunda inani ukwanda zezakhamuzi kufanele yashesha, futhi abanye - ukuqala sokuhudula izinyawo lesi. Bizela nga the kwemvelo kuphoqelekile isidingo umgomo, uyaqaphela kukhawulwe ukwanda kube nesidingo Sokuzivikela neo-Malthusian umqondo. Ubuhlobo izici kuba zamazwe amabili. umsebenzi Malthus sika kwabeka isisekelo sokuthethelelwa ukwenzangcono izitayela lokubala ubuningi babantu isayensi intuthuko yomnotho.

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