Kuyini igagasi okudonsa?

Usuku esemthethweni ukuvulwa (Ukuthola) ngamagagasi okudonsa ubhekwa Februwari 11, 2016. It is ke aphethwe e-Washington ku kuqale umhlangano nabezindaba, abaholi ukubambisana LIGO, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi iqembu labacwaningi waphumelela okokuqala emlandweni wesintu ukulungisa lesi simo.

Iziprofetho Einstein enkulu

Iqiniso lokuthi amagagasi okudonsa khona, ngisho ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka eledlule (1916) uphakamise-Albert Einstein washayelwa ngaphakathi kohlaka Jikelele Ukuhlobana (GR). Omunye kungaba kuphela ziyamangala lapho amakhono elihlakaniphile we-physics esidumile, owakwazi ukwenza okunjalo iziphetho efinyelela kude nge okungenani idatha langempela. Phakathi nezinye izenzakalo eziningi ngokomzimba wabikezela ukuthi wathola isiqinisekiso ekhulwini elilandelayo (ingasheshi kwesikhathi, izinguquko emisebeni kagesi bebheke Amasimu okudonsa, njll) Cishe ukuthola ubukhona lolu hlobo wave nokuxhumana zemizimba, kuze kube muva nje kwakungenakwenzeka.

Gravity - siyazikhohlisa?

Ngokuvamile, ekukhanyeni imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto adonsela phansi neze amandla. Lo is phetho of the perturbation noma ugobile isikhala-time continuum. Isibonelo esihle ukuze sicacise lokhu postulate kungenzeka welulela indwangu. Ngaphansi isisindo olubekwa ebusweni into ngobuningi Kumiswa ikhefu. izinto Okunye kunyakaza eduze nale anomaly zizoshintsha trajectory of ukunyakaza kwabo, kungathi "ihehe". Futhi aba maningi isisindo into (eside ububanzi futhi ugobile ukujula), aba maningi "amandla okudonsa." Lapho ihamba phezu indwangu, ungabuka ukuvela "enyakaza" etshiyeneyo.

Into ethi ayifane okwenzeka esikhaleni emhlabeni. Noma yimuphi ezihambayo ngokushesha ndaba okuqinile ungumthombo ekushintshashintsheni kwabantu space kanye nesikhathi. Kwase kuzoqala igagasi okudonsa nge amplitude abalulekile, kwakhiwa ezinesibopho uquqaba ezinkulu kakhulu noma uma ushayela nge accelerations okukhulu.

Ukucaciswa ngokomzimba

Iyehla iyenyuka esikhaleni esigcwele imethrikhi azibonakali nezinguquko emkhakheni okudonsa izinto. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ubizwa nangokuthi isikhala-time enyakaza. wave adonsela phansi kuthinta umzimba kanye tintfo ihlangabezane, ecindezela futhi ngilulekela kubo. Uhlobo lemali incane kakhulu - komyalelo wokungabi 10 ^-21 we ngosayizi wasekuqaleni. Lonke kunzima ukuthola lesi simo sibangelwa ukuthi abacwaningi kwadingeka bafunde indlela yokuhlala ukukala nokuqopha lezi zinguquko usebenzisa imishini ezifanele. Amandla emisebeni okudonsa futhi ngicindezeleke kakhulu - lonke isimiso sethu sikanozungezilanga, kuba kilowatts ambalwa.

Ijubane Lokusakaza amagagasi okudonsa kancane incike izakhiwo medium esiqhuba. I amplitude oscillation ne ibanga kusuka umthombo incipha kancane kancane kodwa ungalokothi sifinyelela zero. Imvamisa itholakala ibanga kusuka amashumi amaningana amakhulu hertz. Ijubane amagagasi okudonsa e medium interstellar osondela ngejubane lokukhanya.

ubufakazi bezimo

Ngokokuqala ngqá isiqinisekiso theory bokuba khona amagagasi okudonsa sakwazi ukuqeda isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika u Joseph Taylor futhi Russell Hulse nomsizi wakhe ngo-1974. Ukutadisha Universe nge isibonakude emkhathini Arecibo (Puerto Rico), abacwaningi wathola Pulsar PSR B1913 + 16 emele uhlelo kanambambili ka-neutron izinkanyezi okuyinto uphendukisa emhlabeni isikhungo ezivamile mass ngesikhathi Isivinini emincane njalo (kwenzeke into eyivelakancane). Njalo isikhathi ukwelashwa ngonyaka kuba amahora 3,75 ekuqaleni, sehliselwe ms 70. Lokhu value liyalingana iziphetho we zibalo GTR ukuthi ukubikezela ukwanda ijubane ukujikeleza lwalezi nhlelo ngenxa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi isizukulwane amagagasi okudonsa izinto. Kamuva ngaphezulu pulsars double futhi dwarfs nomhlophe kanye ukuziphatha efanayo etholakele. Radio astronomy D. Taylor futhi R. Hulse uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physics for kokutholakala amathuba amasha ukutadisha Amasimu okudonsa waklonyeliswa ngo-1993.

Ukweba wave okudonsa

Isitatimende sokuqala ukuthola amagagasi okudonsa etholakele University of Maryland usosayensi Dzhozefa Vebera (USA) ngo-1969. Ngenxa yale njongo wasebenzisa antenna ezimbili adonsela phansi design yabo, ahlukaniswe ibanga amakhilomitha amabili. Idetector resonant kwaba kuhle vibration bebodwa isilinda-foot ucezu aluminium, ifakwe transducers piezoelectric ebucayi. I amplitude we kusolakala fixed iyehla iyenyuka Weber wazibonakalisa abangaphezu kwesigidi izikhathi ephakeme kunokulindelekile. Imizamo ngabanye abacwaningi usebenzisa imishini efanayo ukuphinda "impumelelo" we-physics American imiphumela emihle ungazange wayeyamukela imibono yabanye. Ngemva kokufunda iminyaka embalwa umsebenzi Weber kule ndawo aye neyaziwayo ezikweletini, kodwa anikeza ugqozi ukuthuthukiswa "boom okudonsa" ngokubiza kule ndawo yokutadisha lochwepheshe abaningi. By the way, Dzhozef Veber kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe wayeqiniseka ukuthatha amagagasi okudonsa izinto.

Ukuthuthukisa imishini reception

Esikhathini usosayensi 70s Bill Feyrbank (USA) lisungule Umklamo okudonsa-wave-antenna, selehlile nge-helium ketshezi, nokusetshenziswa SQUIDs - magnetometer supersensitive. Ekhona ngesikhathi ubuchwepheshe ayivunyelwe ukubona umsunguli we umkhiqizo wakho, yaqaphela "metal".

Ngokwalesi simiso senziwa Auriga idetector okudonsa e lenyarskoy National Laboratory (Padova, Italy). Isakhiwo ngesisekelo aluminium-magnesium isilinda kanye nobude 3 amamitha kanye ububanzi of 0.6 m. Isisindo umamukeli iyunithi amathani 2.3 imiswa into yasendulo engavamile, selehlile eduze ngokuphelele zero cleaner ekamelweni. Ukuze nenkanuko edlulele kanye Shake uzingela ongumsizi amakhilogramu elalinembobo futhi uhlelo wokulinganisa esekelwe amakhompyutha. Ukuzwela washo imishini 10 ^-20.

interferometers

Ngesisekelo ukusebenza interferometric okudonsa wave imitshina ifakwe izimiso ezifanayo ezisetshenziswa ngaleso Michelson interferometer. Esikhishwa umthombo ugongolo laser sehlukaniswe ukusakaza ezimbili. Ngemva zibona amaningi kanye nohambo emahlombe amadivayisi notshwala zihlanganiswa futhi, kanye yokugcina ijaji ukuphazamiseka isithombe kuthintwa uma Yiqiniso wale misebe kokuphazanyiswa (isib, igagasi okudonsa). Imishini enjalo kudalwa emazweni amaningi:

• GEO 600 (Hannover, Germany). Ubude cleaner Umhubhe 600 amamitha.
• Tama (Japan) ne emahlombe at 300 m.
• VIRGO (Pisa, Italy) - project ngokuhlanganyela Franco-isiNtaliyane, umkhankaso ngo-2007 nge imigudu emithathu ikhilomitha eside.
• LIGO (United States, lwasePacific), okuholela ukuzingelwa amagagasi okudonsa ngo-2002.

Kugcine ukuzicabangela kabanzi.

LIGO Okuthuthukisiwe

Iphrojekthi okuqalwe ososayensi eMassachusetts futhi California Institute of Technology. Kufaka zokubuka amabili ngezintambo ezinqamula 3 ayizinkulungwane. Km, Louisiana naseWashington (emzini Livingston futhi Hanford) nge interferometers ezintathu ezifanayo. Ubude perpendicular cleaner Umhubhe kuyinto ayizinkulungwane 4. Amamitha. Lona ngobukhulu zaphetha ekhona izakhiwo efanayo. Kuze 2011, imizamo eminingi ukuthola amagagasi okudonsa ziye zaletha hhayi nanoma iyiphi imiphumela. Ukuthuthukiswa eningi (Advanced LIGO) anda nozwela imishini e uhla 300-500 Hz ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezinhlanu, futhi esifundeni ongaphakeme-imvamisa (kufika ku-60 Hz) kucishe umyalelo ezidlula, lafinyelela liyigugu athandwayo 10 ^-21. Le phrojekthi olusha iqala ngo-September 2015, futhi imizamo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane nabasebenzi ukusebenzisana iye umvuzo ngemiphumela.

amagagasi adonsela phansi atholakala

14 Septhemba 2015 isihambile LIGO ethungatha 7 ms isikhawu eqoshiwe wehlele amagagasi okudonsa lomhlaba ukusuka izenzakalo ezinkulu ezenzeka emaphethelweni yonke ebonakalayo - ekubumbaneni izimbobo ezimbili ezinkulu ezimnyama izixuku 29 nezikhathi 36 njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo mass welanga. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka leli cala, eyaqala eminyakeni 1.3 Ga edlule, indaba imizuzwana okudonsa wave emisebeni ke, cishe emithathu ngayichitha uquqaba elanga of ndaba. Zokuqala imvamisa fixed amagagasi okudonsa at 35 Hz, futhi esiphezulu isiqongo ukubaluleka ezingeni kufinyelelwa 250 Hz.

Imiphumela etholwe zahlaselwa kaningi ngaphansi ukuhlolwa olunzulu kanye nokwelashwa, ukusika ngokucophelela off ukutolika okunye idatha. Ekugcineni, ngo-February 11 ngonyaka odlule phezu ukuthola ngqo lomkhuba babebikezele Einstein, kwamenyezelwa umphakathi wezwe lonke.

Iqiniso efanekisa umsebenzi titanic labacwaningi: amplitude yengalo oscillation usayizi 10 ^-19 m - kwaleli nani njengoba izikhathi eziningi ezincane kuno ububanzi-athomu, balokho anakho orange kancane.

amathemba esikhathi esizayo

Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso waphinda kuqinisekisa ukuthi ithiyori jikelele wokuhlobana kwezinto - akuyona nje iqoqo amafomula lokuhlaziya, futhi ukubukeka entsha ngokuphelele ngesikhathi okushiwo amagagasi okudonsa namandla adonsela phansi sisonke.

Ngo ukuba aqhubeke efunda, ososayensi babe amathemba okusezingeni eliphezulu kuphrojekthi Elsa: kudalwa interferometer giant azungeza ne emahlombe mayelana km 5 million, uyakwazi ukuthola ngisho perturbations ezincane Amasimu okudonsa izinto. Ukuvuselelwa umsebenzi kulesi siqondiso uyakwazi ukutshela okuningi amazinga ayisisekelo kwendawo yonke, izinqubo, okwashiwo ukuthi ngamaviyo ngokwendabuko nzima noma kungenzeki nhlobo. Akungabazeki izimbobo ukuthi abamnyama, amagagasi okudonsa, okuyinto kuzolungiswa esikhathini esizayo, ukukhuluma kakhulu ngemvelo.

Ukuze ekutadisheni esifuze emisebeni okudonsa, ukuxoxa ngazo izikhathi wokuqala emhlabeni wethu ngemuva kwe-Big Bang, kuzodinga ezwelayo isikhala zomculo. ), но его реализация, по заверениям специалистов, возможна не ранее, чем через 30-40 лет. Le projekthi ukhona (Big Bang Observer), kodwa kusebenta kwaso, iziqinisekiso wezazi, kungenzeka ngaphambili kuka eminyakeni 30-40.