Umphumela Mossbauer: umphumela ekutholakaleni nalokho okukushoyo

Izinkulumo-athikili mayelana lokho Mossbauer umphumela. Futhi kudalulwe imiqondo ezifana quantum amandla amazinga e-athomu kanye nucleus yama-athomu, okuqinile futhi quasiparticle ngokuhlanganyela kulo.

fun Mathematical

A ukuphumelela kwi-physics ezenzeka eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili, ososayensi yafuna ulwazi sina mathematics. okutholakele Abaningi Usukhishiwe, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, enhlonhlweni of the esibayeni: Ekuqaleni bona kwabalwa kwakuthiwa bese ezitholakala umkhuba.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona kwezinto amagagasi okudonsa babebikezele Einstein ngo-1910, sakwazi ukuqinisekisa Ucwaningo kuphela ngo-2016. Nokuhlanganiswa neutron izinkanyezi ezimbili idale ukuzamazama isikhala ukuthi physics eliwumhlaba zibanjwe futhi fixed ngokuvula ngenkathi izilinganiso okudonsa isayensi esintwini. Ayikho amandla adonsela phansi Yingakho ukusho lapha: okungukuthi izifundo sinjalo Mossbauer umphumela value. Kodwa lokhu ngaphandle kunokuba umthetho. Ngokuvamile, theorists futhi experimenters ushiya izithende nomunye, olunye ucwaningo emenza isidingo incazelo yalo zezibalo, nesiphetho esibi kuba nokucabanga amasha, hhayi ukuncika kodwa wathola. umphumela Mössbauer wayengomunye imihlola ezinjalo. "Uhlangothi" ngumkhuba Unjalo nokucabanga futhi Max Planck uzwakalise ekupheleni 1900. Lathi emhlabeni electron kanye nuclei athomu, zonke izinto eziningi ungakwazi kuphela amagugu leyehlukene, okungukuthi quantized. Futhi, ngokombono wakhe siqu, kwaba nje akhohlisa zezibalo, okwakwenza kubalwa lula. Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe ayekholelwa ukuthi quantum, noma ingxenye kulencane okungenzeka, isibonelo, ukukhanya - indlela efanelekayo kuphela ukuchaza, ongathwali umuzwa ngokomzimba okungathí sina.

Izwe quantum

Nokho, ezinye izazi abanesifiso incazelo eyanele ukuthi kwenzekani kulesi silinganiso-athomu, kubhekwe bezikhali isiphetho esinjalo, futhi wathatha kalula ukuthi konke quantized. Amaelectrons emhlabeni nucleus kungenzeka kuphela omise ezithile nuclei ngokwabo angaba emazingeni athile amandla. Yeqa therebetween, nuclei ukukhiqiza gamma rays. umphumela Mossbauer uveza ukuthi isenzo kufanele ukukhiqiza uhlobo ukubuya, kodwa lokhu akwenzeki. Ngokuvamile, bonke eziningi ezichaza ukuziphatha nanoworld angaphansi quantization - okungukuthi leyehlukene. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi umfutho ukuthi macrocosm sivezwe njengoba umkhiqizo izinga uyaca ukuze izinhlayiya aphansi kuyinto bahluke, lokusho kutsi simo sakhe, futhi, quantized. Ngakho ukuthi umbiko wesayensi lapho Maks Plank etholakala ifomula yakhe edumile equkethe ukubaluleka h, noma umphumela ongatheni, kwavula inkathi entsha. Lokhu kwaba inkathi ye-quantum physics. umphumela Mossbauer, incazelo, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inikezwe lesi simanga, ziye zaba enye yezindawo mlando ebaluleke kakhulu isayensi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

Ukutholakala kwe-Mössbauer umphumela

Njengoba sibonile ngenhla, iziphetho theory waya isandla isilingo. Ezinye iziphetho esisebenzayo wazibonakalisa ku izitshalo eqoqwe ngokoqobo "phezu kwedolo" futhi aphume edayisa izinto. Ososayensi baye bakwazi hhayi kuphela ukubonisa ifomula, kodwa futhi uyivale umfuma, usike ibhodi ukusebenza metal ubuthe ukufakwa. Yiqiniso, inhloko yabangamashumi laboratories ifingqa kuphela imiphumela ezigcemeni zabo. Nokho, experimenter ngamunye wayebuye abe unjiniyela, njengoba amadivaysi zenzelwe ngenhloso letsite, futhi ngqo inqubo yocwaningo. Mina yayiphumula kanye Mossbauer umphumela. Ukuyivula ngeke ithathe indawo uma zobudokotela nenkani Rudolf Mossbauer ayikashintshi indlela yokulinganisa iyunithi lwaluyophola, esikhundleni amalahle, njengoba uyalelwe ngumsebenzi umqondisi we izifundo.

okuqinile

Imfundiso, esizokhuluma ukutshela abafundi kulesi sigaba, kubonakala ecacile efika kuqala. Nokho, njengoba waziwa kabanzi, kulula njalo ephumelelisa imizamo Amazing. Futhi ngakho manje sesiyakwazi ukutshela ngamagama alula lokho Mossbauer ukusebenza Dummies ngokoqobo, wake wasebenza wonke laboratory.

Ngaphansi okuqinile ngokuvamile okwakusho into esimweni crystalline. Kanti i-nuclei zama-athomu kuleli cala yakha gqwa ngehele esiqinile, kuyilapho ama-electron, ngezindlela ezingafani ngokufingqiwe. Yiqiniso, metal zinhlayiya kwakhiwa ucace kakhulu metallic isibopho okuyothi nucleus khona njengoba ukuba ahlukane electron generalized. Ifu electron uhlala ngumthetho yayo ezimele, nabakhi bezindawo abanaki imithelela ukuziphatha ngehele crystal. Zinhlayiya okuyinto ukwethula izibopho ionic futhi covalent zendabuko ezingaphezu, ama-electron, eduze ezihlobene nuclei "yabo". Kodwa emithambekeni kwakungase bayakwazi ukuhambahamba phakathi ISIZINDA angomakhelwane kunasedolobheni igesi noma uketshezi.

Solid isethi izakhiwo hhayi kuphela izakhi zamakhemikhali elikuzo, kodwa futhi wesimethri welungiselelo zama-athomu isihlobo komunye nomunye. Esikhathini iyisibonelo esihle isakhiwo carbon edonsa graphite ezithambile, kanye nezinye - okokusebenza yemvelo sekukaningi - Idayimane. Ngakho lokho uhlobo uxhumano, futhi wesimethri unit cell kusho okuningi umzimba eqinile. Izakhiwo eziqinile futhi kuyinto ukudalulwa lokho Mossbauer umphumela. isimo sawo kuchazwe kanje: zonke zama-athomu okuqinile ezihlobene.

quasiparticles collective

Manje cabanga ngehele ngokwanele ezinkulu ezintathu-ntathu. Ukuze imodeli usawoti ezifanele kunazo: Na futhi Cl asezindaweni vertices of cubes, omunye ngemva komunye. Uma ngandlela-thile ubambe athomu eyodwa bese udonsa ngokuthi aphule endaweni komkhuba ibhalansi, sibonga uxhumano ngokwanele eqinile ngemva kokuba wadonsa athomu angomakhelwane. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi ushintsho isikhundla core okungenani iyiphi nomthelela kwi omakhelwane ye-oda lwesithathu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma "ubambe" sodium, ilandelwe wadonsa engumakhelwane ama-athomu chlorine, ama-athomu sodium ukumlandela eyodwa ungqimba angaphandle chlorine. Umthelela lokhu kungenzeka enwetshiwe kuzo zonke izindawo. Ivame wathi yesine-oda perturbation omakhelwane azinakwa. Nokho, akuzona zero.

Ngenxa yalokho, uma ngandlela-thile "knock" crystal namandla (isb, ukuba umthume laser noma electron ugongolo), wathi eheleni crystal kuthanda "amagagasi". ukunyakaza okunjalo collective lapho ama-athomu amaningi angomakhelwane e-crystal kanyekanye shift uzizwe, isib, phezulu noma phansi, ngokuthi phonons. Iyatholakala ukuchaza lokho Mossbauer umphumela for dummies, ngeke bangene imininingwane nje ukukutshela ukuthi phonons etholakele liziphathe izinhlayiya njengoba aphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla yabo quantized, they possess wavelength umfutho futhi bayakwazi ukuhlanganyela nomunye. Ngakho, phonons abizwa ngokuthi quasiparticles ngokuhlanganyela. Inombolo yabo kanye nekhwalithi umzimba okuqinile unikezwa isakhiwo lapho zenzeka. Bala kungaba, ukwazi ubukhulu, wesimethri nezinhlobo zama-athomu ezakhi iyunithi cell. On okuvela phonon kuthinte ubude kanye nohlobo isibopho phakathi ion e eheleni crystal.

band theory

Njengoba okuqinile ifingqa zonke electron yayo, kanye orbitals (futhi ngalesosizathu amandla abo) futhi kufanele generalized. Okokuqala, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi electron abangaphansi kwalesi isigaba yizinhlayiyana okuthiwa ama fermions. Fermi Dirac futhi Pauli ndawonye wathola ukuthi esimweni esisodwa singase ohlelweni, eyodwa kuphela kuyizinhlayiyana ezinjalo. Uma sibuyela esibonelweni nosawoti, crystal ngalinye, okuyinto thina afafaze isobho noma inyama, ehlanganisa i Kusaphazwa sodium ne chloride ion. Futhi ngamunye wabo inani elifanayo electron, okuyinto azungeze on omise ezifanayo. Kungenzeka kanjani lokho? A okuqinile okuphuma isimo ngendlela elandelayo: amandla electron ngamunye azungeza emhlabeni nucleus kancane lehluke njani kuletinye electron amandla okuqondene orbit efanayo nomunye athomu. Ngakho-ke wathola: ku crystal ukhona amazinga amandla amakhulu kakhulu okuyinto ihluke nomunye ngokwanele encane ukwakha endaweni onomfutho. I perturbations okuyinto ukwethula phonons encane ngoba athomu elilodwa amabanga akuzona enamandla kakhulu. Zonke lebaluleke kakhulu ukunyakaza collective iyonke. Ngakho-ke, amandla phonon, kunjengokungathi "eziyoncibilika 'endaweni ye-eneji. Kususelwa kule kanye Mossbauer umphumela.

isikali kagesi

Ukunyakaza kwabantu noma izithunzi izinhlayiya icala kuhambisana inkambu kagesi. Leli qiniso ubeka, isibonelo, umbuzo wokuthi kungani eyodwa iplanethi kanye iziphuphutheki nokuba nazo, kuyilapho abanye - cha. amagagasi kagesi kungenziwa selihlukene laba namakilasi ngokuvumelana ukuvama kwazo futhi ngenxa yalokho amandla. Lezi zimo zokuma ezimbili kuhlobene futhi ancike nombono. Uyini Mossbauer Umphumelo kafushane kuphela, inqobo nje uma umfundi uyaqonda lapho isikali kagesi is gamma emisebeni elise. Ngakho, ekuvuleni airwaves esikalini. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ubeke umkhawulo wavelength zabo - Ubukhulu yonke. Nokho, amandla ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni enjalo kungaba amancane ukuze akunakwenzeka ukubhalisa. imvamisa lisetudlwana emisebeni terahertz. Nokho, kuyinto, futhi amagagasi omsakazo kuyagcinwa ezimweni ezithile kakhulu: okusithiyayo of electron kazibuthe, flexural kunyakaza of polymers, ukuhamba excitons ku okuqinile. ingxenye Okuningi ecacile eduze bohlu kagesi - the amaza okushisa. It idlulisela amandla uhlobo ukushisa. amandla Ngisho ephakeme yokukhanya ebonakalayo. Leyo ngxenye bohlu ukuthi iso womuntu ubona lincane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ikhuluma ngayo yonke inhlobo.

ukukhanya Red nomfutho aphansi, noboya obudaywe baba nsomi - aphakeme. kabani amandla kunakunoma elibomvu amanzi abandayo ngaphezulu kuvezwa okwesibhakabhaka,: Kule ndaba, it is indida ezaziwayo. Ngemva kwalokho ingxenye ultraviolet esikalini kagesi seluvele imvamisa sezingeni eliphezulu ukuze ukungena okuqinile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abantu, efana nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo eplanethini yethu, cha perceive kwe-ultraviolet, nekubaluleka kwalo ekusebenzeni kahle eziphilayo begazi nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Umthombo oyinhloko cwaningo ultraviolet ilanga. amandla Ephakeme ikhono ukungena izinto eziningi has-X-ray. Umthombo ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni enjalo iyona deceleration of electron emasimini kagesi. Amaelectrons kungaba kokubili lesibopho, isb eyakhe kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana khulula. Amadivayisi yezokwelapha amadivayisi nge-electron khulula. Ekugcineni, kwezinwele eziqine kakhulu iDemo-wave-gamma emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni.

X ray nakuma-gamma

umphumela Mossbauer futhi isebenza yemvelo noma kwezobunjiniyela idinga ukuhlukanisa phakathi gamma ray nakuma-X-ray. Ngu ezingeni amandla futhi, ngokufanelekile, nombono asesikhundleni ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ezingenzeka ezibhekwa ukugqagqana. Okungukuthi, kukhona gamma futhi-X ray nge wavelength 5 picometres. Izindlela ezahlukene ukuze sokulungiselela yabo. Njengoba sekuchaziwe ngenhla, X-emisebeni kwenzeka lapho deceleration ka-electron. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwamanye izinqubo (kuhlanganise senuzi) ubalekela electron kusuka kumasistimu asebenzayo kwangaphakathi athomu ngokwanele esindayo, ezifana-uranium. Nokho, amanye ama-elektroni bavame ukuba angene esikhundleni sakhe. ukuhwebelana okunjalo, futhi babe umthombo kwama-X ray. Gamma ray umphumela nucleus nalesi besesimweni ephakeme ujabule. Lokhu emisebeni has a ikhono eliphezulu ezijulile ionizes ama-athomu lapho kuwuthinta. Kulokhu-ke lapho ray gamma ishayisa i-nucleus ye-athomu, kumelwe kube khona isikhala okuthiwa inkokhelo yesenzo esithize. Nokho, umkhuba kwathi nokuxhumana gamma rays nge-nucleus ye-athomu okuqondene umzimba eqinile umthelela sishoda. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi eneji olwengeziwe, kungathi "ezigcotshwe" ngamaviyo electronic crystal, udala phonon.

isotopes

umphumela Mossbauer nendlela osebenza ngayo ihlobene kakhulu yokuthi omunye owamangaza abantu: lomkhuba engathathi isinyathelo ku zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali we ishadi lesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaphawuleka kuphela ezinye izinto ukuthi isotopes. Uma umfundi Uvele ngakhohlwa isotopes khumbula. Kuyaziwa ukuthi iyiphi athomu enikeziwe kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi kwaziwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-nucleus ye-proton omuhle kakhulu ngendlela igobolondo electron. Nokho, umongo iqukethe i-neutron, kuyizinhlayiyana ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. Uma ushintsha inombolo nucleus, ukungathathi hlangothi ngogesi kwenzeka umthetho, kodwa izakhiwo athomu washintsha kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyenzeka ukuthi IKhompyuthaYami ngoyisiwula kusinda kuyinto enemisebe futhi ekuthanda kwamazinyo, kuyilapho ndaba abavamile uzinzile ngempela. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu uhlu izakhi ukhonkolo kanye isotopes zabo, okuyinto izimpawu Mossbauer umphumela. Ukuthola ⁵⁷ Fe, isibonelo, ngokuvamile omethembayo yilo mkhuba.

Ukusetshenziswa imiphumela quantum

Produce nakho, okuyinto kuqinisekiswa omunye umbono ezihlobene emhlabeni ezincane, ngokuvamile akulula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akucaci yini izinzuzo kungaletha umphumela ofanayo Mossbauer? Nokho, Ukusetshenziswa ke, ubanzi ngokwanele. Ukuphenywa izakhiwo crystalline izinto, amorphous ukudla okuqinile futhi izimpushana fake comminuted kwenzeka, kuhlanganise ngokusebenzisa le quantum mkhuba. idatha ezinjalo ziyadingeka sasivumela ibanga kusuka umkhuba izigaba (physics theory), futhi sisondelene kakhulu indoda eyala - ezifana imithi. Ngakho, Mossbauer umphumela kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo isibonelo ukutholakala theory, okuletha eziningi izinzuzo, ngisho ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.