Kuyini Radon? Into leqembu 18 ishadi lesikhathi salezi izakhi zamakhemikhali D. I. Mendeleeva

Ngokwalokhu esesixoxe ngakho ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha isayensi nobuchwepheshe ochwepheshe baye uzwakalise ukukhathazeka ngezinga nokuntuleka kwenhlanzeko inkulumo-ze emisebeni phakathi kwabantu. Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo "Ukungazi radiology" kungabangela wangempela nokuvikeleka usongo emphakathini kanye iplanethi.

Umbulali othule

Ngo XVΙ ekhulwini odokotela European bekhungathekile ngokwempilo yangenyama ngokungavamile eliphezulu isifo samaphaphu phakathi abasebenzi emayini, esikhiqiza yensimbi, base izinsimbi kanye esiliva. isifo Engaqondakali eyaziwa ngokuthi "engamamitha ukugula", hit abavukuzi izikhathi amahlanu ezingaphezu kuka umuntu osesilinganisweni emgwaqweni. Kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, ngemuva kokutholakala Radon, kuyaqapheleka njengoba imbangela ukukhuthazwa ukuthuthukiswa yabavukuzi umdlavuza wamaphaphu Germany kanye Czech Republic.

Kuyini Radon? Kuphela uma kunomthelela ongemuhle emzimbeni womuntu? Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, thina kumelwe bakhumbule umlando ukutholakala kanye cwaningo kwalesi sakhi engaqondakali.

Emanation - kusho "ukuphelelwa isikhathi"

Radon kubhekwa iphayona we-physics IsiZulu Ernest 'uRutherford. It ngonyaka 1899 kwase kucaca ukuthi ukwakhiwa ngokusekelwe cindezela esindayo ngaphandle α-izinhlayiya ihlaba umkhosi igesi kungenambala, okuyinto kuholela radioactivity kwemvelo. Umcwaningi wachaza emanation nezinsolo ka cindezela impahla (by emanation (lat.) - yisikhathi) futhi inikezwa isiqu incwadi drive Em. emanation Okufanayo kwachazwa ngokuthi Radium. Esimweni sokuqala, ikhala ngendlela igesi ebizwa thoron, okwesibili - Radon.

Esikhathini esizayo, sakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amagesi kukhona radionuclides timphawu entsha. Gqamisa ke njengoba injalo emsulwa okokuqala ephethwe wemithi Scottish, kaNobel (1904) uWilliam Ramsay (nge Vitlou Empunga) ngo-1908. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu ekulesi isici sokugcina igama wanamathela Radon nezimpawu RN.

Kuyini Radon?

Esikhathini ishadi lesikhathi salezi izakhi zamakhemikhali D. I. Mendeleeva Radon yilona qembu le-18. It has an e-athomu inombolo z = 86.

Zonke isotopes akhona Radon (ngaphezu kuka-35, kanye mass izinombolo kusuka 195 kuya 230) kukhona enemisebe futhi ukumela ingozi kubantu. Emvelweni, kukhona izinhlobo ezine athomu element. Bonke bayingxenye engokwemvelo uchungechunge enemisebe actinouranium, cindezela kanye nokwe-uranium - Radium. Ezinye isotopes amagama abo siqu futhi isiko zomlando, libizwa ukuthi zibangelwa amagesi:

• actinium - actinon ²¹⁹ RN;
• cindezela njalo - ²²⁰ thoron RN;
• Radium - Radon ²²² RN.

Kugcine tinekucina eliphakeme. Ingxenye-ukuphila ka Radon ²²² RN - amahora 91,2 (izinsuku 3.82). Phakathi engaguquki isimo asele isotopes kukalwa ngemizuzwana kanye millisecond. Esikhathini kwamazinyo nge ekushayweni α-izinhlayiya kwakheka isotopes ka polonium. By the way, ekuhloleni ososayensi Radon kulo kuqala enenkolelo yokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zama-athomu ezakhi element efanayo ngokuthi isotopes futhi kamuva (kusuka esiGrekini ngoba "zilingana '," efanayo ").

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, Radon - igesi Ayinambala futhi ayinaphunga, ogama khona kungenziwa kuphela kunqunywa amadivayisi ezikhethekile. Ubuningi - 9,81 g / l. Ingabe olusindayo (emoyeni ulula kunokotini izikhathi 7.5), i-eziyivelakancane futhi kuyabiza kakhulu zonke iplanethi amagesi ezaziwayo.

Kuyinto oncibilikayo emanzini (460 ml / l), kodwa Radon solubility iphezulu kakhulu e organic compounds. It has umphumela fluorescence kubangelwa okusezingeni eliphezulu radioactivity zemvelo. Ukuze isimo gaseous ne liquid (ezingeni lokushisa ngezansi -62˚S) isici luminescence okwesibhakabhaka, crystalline (ngezansi -71˚S) - ophuzi noma orange-bomvu.

kwebalingisi Chemical ka Radon ngenxa okuqondene yayo iqembu inert ( "enhle") amagesi. Waziwa yokusabela chemical umoya-mpilo, fluorine kanye nabanye halogens.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-core isici engazinzile ungumthombo omkhulu amandla izinhlayiya nomthelela izinto eziningi. Ukuchayeka Radon kuholela staining ngengilazi kanye zobumba, ubola amanzi kube umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen ne-ozone esemkhathini ebhubhisa kaphala- Vaseline, nokunye. D.

Ukuthola Radon

Ukuze ukwehlukanisa IKhompyuthaYami Radon weqa obufanele ngokwanele equkethe Radium e ngandlela-thile, ukusakaza emoyeni. I lokuhlushwa igesi jet zizothinteka izici eziningi ngokomzimba (umswakama, izinga lokushisa), isakhiwo crystalline kwendaba, ukubunjwa, porosity, ukufana, futhi ziyahlukahluka kusuka izingxenyana ezincane u-100%. Ngokuvamile izixazululo asetshenziswa Radium chloride noma bromide e hydrochloric acid. Solid izinto ukungena nakwamanye amazwe asetshenziswa kakhulu kancane njalo, nakuba Radon ikhishwe ngesikhathi esifanayo wezindlu.

I kwaphumela igesi ingxube zihlanjululwa ngu umhwamuko, umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen, by odlula khona ngokusebenzisa igridi zethusi ashisayo. Okuseleyo (1/25000 umthamo yasekuqaleni) ukuthi wafingqa emoyeni ketshezi futhi ukungcola isuswa nitrogen condensate,-helium, bese kuthi amagesi zasebukhosini.

Ukuze wazi: emhlabeni wonke kwaze kwaphela unyaka ekhiqizwa kuphela ezimbalwa kweshumi cubic amasentimitha we Radon chemical isici.

Distribution ngokwemvelo

Kanti i-nuclei ka Radium, eliwumkhiqizo ukuqoqwa of Radon bazabela ezakhiwe ukubola uranium. Ngakho, umthombo oyinhloko Radon - nenhlabathi namaminerali equkethe uranium futhi cindezela. I lokuhlushwa eliphezulu kakhulu lezi zinto ku igneous, sedimentary, amatshe metamorphic, shales mafic. Radon igesi ngenxa inertia yabo ishiya kalula crystal ngehele amaminerali kanye voids nokusasamba e ungqimba lomhlaba kalula enwetshiwe ukuba amabanga emikhulu umi emkhathini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba mizhplastovi egeza amanzi zohlobo enjalo elihlale kalula Radon. Radon amanzi impahla yayo ethize esetshenziswa indoda eside ngaphambi kokutholakala isici.

Umngane noma nesitha?

Naphezu izinkulungwane izihloko zesayensi kanye ethandwa ebhaliwe ngalokhu igesi enemisebe, impendulo elula yalowo mbuzo: "Kuyini Radon futhi yini ukubaluleka kwayo isintu?" Kunzima. Ngaphambi abacwaningi yesimanje izinkinga okungenani ezimbili. Esokuqala siwukuthi emkhakheni emisebeni Radon ephila ndaba kucishe kube njalo kokubili isici elimazayo futhi ewusizo. Esesibili - ukuntuleka okunokwethenjelwa ukuqoshwa kanye nokuqapha indlela. Okwamanje ekhona Radon imitshina emkhathini, ngisho lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu futhi ebucayi, lapho izilinganiso okuphindaphindiwe zingaba nemiphumela ukuthi kuhluke izikhathi eziningana.

Ngokucophelela, Radon!

Umthamo main emisebeni (70%) emphilweni umuntu uthola ngenqubo radionuclides zemvelo, kuhlanganise isikhundla okuholela basonta kungekho nto enemibala emihle igesi Radon. Kuye indawo isakhiwo yokuhlala, "yokufaka" yayo kungaba kusuka 30 kuya 60%. Inani njalo isotopes engazinzile into eyingozi emkhathini inakekelwa inflow okuqhubekayo indlela okwakheke ngayo umhlaba. Radon has impahla ongathandeki buthelela Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo yomphakathi, lapho emakamu yayo kungandisa by amashumi futhi kaningi. Impilo yomuntu ubungozi kungasiko igesi enemisebe njengoba isotopes esisheshayo ka polonium Po ²¹⁴ futhi Po ^218, okubangelwa nokwahlukana yayo. Ziqhutshwa ngokuqinile emzimbeni, sithonye umonakala yangaphakathi α-emisebeni ku izicubu.

Ngaphezu kokuhlasela somoya of Ukuphelelwa kanye nesimo futhi bacindezeleke, isiyezi kanye migraines, igcwele ukuthuthukiswa umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Iqembu ingozi kuhlanganisa abasebenzi ezimayini uranium nezitshalo ore-ukugqoka, mlilo, radonoterapevty labantu ezindaweni ezabe zincishwe amathuba nge high Radon nemikhiqizo e ungqimba lomhlaba namanzi Artesian, Radon Spas. Ukukhomba akhawunti ezindaweni ezinjalo ukuze Radon ibalazwe ingozi usebenzisa izindlela Geological nemisebe-yokuhlanzeka.

Ukuze wazi: kunenkolelo ukuchayeka Radon kuye kwavusa ukufa ngenxa yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ngo-1916, umcwaningi Scottish uWilliam Ramsay lesi sici.

izindlela Ezokuphepha

Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule, elandela isibonelo omakhelwane Western kwakudingeka umcimbi antiradon yaqala ukusakaza emazweni ayengaphansi CIS. Kwakukhona iziqondiso (SanPiN 2.6.1., I ubambisane 2.6.1.) Njengoba izidingo ecacile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ngemisebe sabantu.

Izinyathelo eyinhloko Ukuvikelwa igesi inhlabathi kanye imithombo yemvelo emisebeni zihlanganisa:

• Zifakwa kwi zobumba komhlaba izibuya okhuni Monolithic setshe ukhonkolo nge isizinda Macadam futhi ungangenisi amanzi okuthembekile.
• Ukunikeza sithuthukiswe ukupholisa engaphansi futhi engaphansi isikhala, ukupholisa Izakhiwo zokuhlala.
• Amanzi ageleza ekhishini abese zangasese, kumelwe babe sesimeni isihlungi ekhethekile, zihlonishwe ngokwabo anemisila amadivaysi qeda ophoqelelwe.

Radiomeditsina

Kuyini Radon, okhokho bethu abazange bazi, kodwa zamahhashi namanje ekhazimulayo uGenghis Khan waphulukisa emanceba abo imithombo yamanzi Belokurikha (Altai), ayegcwele le gesi. Iqiniso lokuthi microdozes Radon kuba nomphumela omuhle izitho zomzimba womuntu zibalulekile futhi uqondiswe isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Ukuchayeka amanzi Radon isheshisa umzimba, okuvumela kwezicubu ezilimele zilulame ngokushesha, umsebenzi inhliziyo evamile kwegazi, kuqinise imithambo yegazi.

Ezokungcebeleka entabeni izifunda of eCaucasus (Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk), e-Austria (Gastein), Czech Republic (Jachymov, Vary), eJalimane (Baden-Baden), Japan (misasa) Sekuyisikhathi eside ukujabulele udumo okufanele nokuduma. imithi yesimanje ngaphandle zokugeza Radon inikeza ukwelashwa ngendlela ngenkasa, lapho ephefumula, ngaphansi kokuqondisa okuqinile uchwepheshe ezifanele.

Isevisi lwesintu

Ububanzi igesi Radon akugcini imithi eyodwa kuphela. Ikhono isotopes ka-elementi adsorption kabanzi lisetshenziswe zokwakha nesilinganiso degree of nonuniformity metal evele kanye ubuciko. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa steel namabhodlela Radon ukhonza ukulawula ukugeleza izinqubo. Ngalo, wenziwa esebenzisa buso futhi ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali ukuvuza.

Ngo Geophysics, yokuma komhlaba nezindlela eziningi yokusesha nokuthola imali amaminerali kanye imikhando enemisebe esekelwe ukusetshenziswa inhlolovo Radon. Ngokusho lokuhlushwa isotopes ka Radon enhlabathini kungenziwa bahlulelwe permeability kanye kwabantu okwakheke ngayo amadwala. Radon asiqaphile isimo obukeka wethembisa ngokuya ukubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba esizayo.

Kwethenjwa ukuthi imiphumela emibi Radon esintwini namanje ukhuthazele futhi element enemisebe kuzoletha labantu izinzuzo kuphela emhlabeni.