Kuyini ulwelwesi? Sakhiwo umsebenzi ulwelwesi

Kuyini ulwelwesi? Lo mqondo isetshenziswa sphere ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kanye nesayensi. Futhi ngamunye kubo, linencazelo ezahlukene. Kodwa, ngandlela-thile, ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama lihlotshaniswa incazelo yegama elithi. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi Latin "ulwelwesi" - ulwelwesi.

ukutolika abahlukahlukene umqondo

Njengamanje, umqondo ubuchwepheshe kanye ne-engineering esebenziswe lapho ukhuluma ngani ifilimu elincanyana noma ipuleti zigxilé wesifunda njengoba imibhobho noma ingcindezi Izikali.

Ngo biology, ulwelwesi ehloselwe nokunwebeka ukwakheka kwama-molecule khona kuwo wonke cell nokuvikelwa ukuhlinzeka emathonyeni kwemvelo umsebenzi imvelo. Liqinisekisa ubuqotho amaseli bese ehilelekile izinqubo umzimba njalo nezwe elingaphandle.

Ukuhlanekezela Osmosis ulwelwesi

Omunye ezisunguliwe yamuva kuyinto reverse Osmosis module, esetshenziselwa umshini ohlanza amanzi. Lesi sakhiwo kuyinto tube kokuba phansi nesivalo. Ngaphakathi kwalesi tube futhi itholakala nje ukuhlanekezela Osmosis ulwelwesi, khona esihlinzeka amanzi ultrapure sakhululwa ahlukahlukene ukungcoliswa bacteriological kanye imali begazi. liquid yokuhlanza indlela kusekelwe kuncishiswa isikhala efile, lapho amagciwane angase buthelela.

Lezi amamojuli ziye kabanzi imithi, noma uma sikubeka ngokuqondile, zinikeza ngoba hemodialysis ne imishini amanzi ultrapure.

accumulator nokwanda amathangi ulwelwesi. esikhundleni sabo

Accumulator nokwanda amathangi - amadivayisi ezisetshenziswa isinxephezeliso ingcindezi ngokweqile (umthamo) ngaphakathi idivayisi bafudumale.

Kuyini ulwelwesi kulesi simo? Le nto le Isakhi esiyinhloko lolu hlobo idivayisi. Kuthinta nekusebenta ukusebenza nokuthembeka ohlelweni lonke. Ukuma ulwelwesi ziyahlukahluka. Kuyinto diaphragm, ibhola kanye ibhaluni. Uma umthamo ethangini elikhulu, bese ngemuva metal ilungu fitting sifakwe wherein nanso is umgodi ngoba kufuneka uveze ukukhungatheka emoyeni. Kuye emkhakheni ukusetshenziswa idivayisi ekhethiwe impahla womshini ulwelwesi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-amathangi ukunwetshwa uhlelo Ukushisa umbandela main umelane ezishisayo futhi ihlala isikhathi eside ezingeni. Endabeni amanzi abandayo lapho ekhetha izinto ulwelwesi siholwa umbandela okunwebeka ashukumisayo.

Ngeshwa, akukho impahla ukuthi zingabizwa ngokuthi jikelele. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha okuhle is omunye izimo ebaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza yesikhathi eside zedivayisi futhi ukusebenza kwawo ngendlela efanele. Ezimweni eziningi, plate akhiwe ngerabha zemvelo, zokwenziwa butyl zenjoloba noma EPR.

Yomiselela ufezwa detaching le accumulator ulwelwesi noma ukunwetshwa umkhumbi ohlelweni. Okokuqala ukhiphe ngezikulufo ukuthi ubambe flange futhi izindlu. Kwezinye amayunithi, sisekhona lwemidlalo ku ingono ndawo. Ngemva ukuqedwa wakhe we ulwelwesi zisuswe kalula. Ngokwenza isenzo reverse kuyadingeka ukubeka ulwelwesi entsha.

ulwelwesi polymeric

Umqondo "polymer ulwelwesi" lisetshenziswa ezimweni eziningana. Okokuqala, isetshenziswa uma ukhuluma ngani ngelinye lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu futhi eziphambili ngokuya ukuba usizo ezintweni zokwakha uphahla. uhlobo enjalo ulwelwesi oluqanjwe extrusion isicelo indlela ukuhlinzeka ukungabi voids kule yokwakheka impahla esiphelele. Izinzuzo umkhiqizo polymer akunakubangelwa ukumelana ngokuphelele emanzini, permeability umusi, isisindo ongaphakeme, ukuqina, flammability ongaphakeme, ukuphepha kwemvelo.

Igama elithi "polymer ulwelwesi" livame ukusetshenziswa lapho kuziwa labo sekushiwo ngenhla zezinhlangothi Osmosis reverse, kanye nezinye izinhlobo ulwelwesi wenza kusukela polymers organic. Lokhu micro- futhi ultrafiltration imikhiqizo, ulwelwesi asetshenziswe nanofiltration. Buhle ulwelwesi polymeric kulo mongo iyona workability okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ukulawula okukhulu isakhiwo nezakhiwo into. Isebenzisa ukuhlukahluka elincane chemical nezobuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza inqubo.

I cell ulwelwesi. Amaseli - iyunithi zonke izinto eziphilayo

Sekuyisikhathi eside yokuthi iyunithi kwesakhiwo eyisisekelo iseli ye eziphilayo ezaziwayo. Limelela ingxenye umahluko we cytoplasm, okuyinto lizungezwe ulwelwesi cell. Ngo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, njengoba sifunda okwengeziwe ngesiko imikhawulo ukusebenza, litholakala unenkululeko kanye ubuhlakani, njengoba izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni olwenziwa kumaseli.

Cell ulwelwesi - umngcele iseli esimele isithiyo yemvelo phakathi okuqukethwe yangaphakathi kanye nendawo yazo. The main isici isici ulwelwesi kuyinto semipermeable, enikeza abatholako yeselula umswakama kanye nezakhi nokususa imikhiqizo noqhekeko yilo. Cell ulwelwesi - lena ingxenye main isakhi cell inhlangano.

Amaqiniso angokomlando ezihlobene ukutholakala nokutadisha ulwelwesi cell

Ngo-1925, Grendel futhi Gorder setha ngempumelelo ukuhlolwa ukuhlonza "izithunzi" kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Yibo labo ngokuhamba ucwaningo, owokuqala ukuthola bilayer lipid. Abalandela umsebenzi wabo UDanielle Dawson, Robertson, Nicholson eminyakeni ezahlukene abasebenze ekwakheni imodeli ketshezi-KaMose ulwelwesi isakhiwo. Ekugcineni kwenziwa Singsheru ngo-1972.

Imisebenzi esemqoka ulwelwesi cell

• Ukwehlukanisa okuqukethwe yangaphakathi esitokisini kusukela yangaphandle imvelo izingxenye.
• Lula ukugcinwa ukuqinisela sokuqanjwa chemical ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni.
• WokuLawula ibhalansi umzimba.
• Ubudlelwano obuphakathi amaseli.
• Alarm umsebenzi.
• Umsebenzi zokuzivikela.

plasma emgodleni

Kuyini ulwelwesi, othiwa emgodleni plasma? Lokhu yangaphandle cell odongeni, okuyinto by isakhiwo salo ukushuba ifilimu ka 5-7 nanomillimetrov ultramicroscopic. Ubunjwe amaprotheni compounds, phospholipids, amanzi. Le filimu, ngokuba nokunwebeka kakhulu, okuhle umswakama ukumuncwa futhi unekhono alulame isivinini ubuqotho bayo ngokushesha.

Plasma ulwelwesi libhekene isakhiwo jikelele. umngcele isikhundla sayo kubangela ahileleke inqubo permeability abakhethayo ku bheke we doti cell. Ukuhlanganyela izakhi angomakhelwane futhi enokwethenjelwa ukuvikela okuqukethwe ekulimaleni, uma kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu isakhiwo cell.

ungqimba Izacile, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganisa ulwelwesi cell eziphilayo okuthiwa glycocalyx. Siqukethe amaprotheni polysaccharides. Ulwelwesi plant amaseli ivikela odongeni ekhethekile phezulu, liyilo isibili, elona umsebenzi ukwesekwa kanye ulondoloze isimo. It ikakhulu siqukethe fibre - polysaccharide zingaxazululeki.

Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi imisebenzi esemqoka yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi sokubuyiselwa, ukuvikelwa kanye nokuxhumana amaseli engumakhelwane.

izici kwesakhiwo

Kuyini ulwelwesi? Lokhu igobolondo ezithathekayo, lapho ububanzi 6-10 nanomillimetrov. Ngesisekelo oyiyo iyona bilayer lipid namaprotheni. Amakhabhohayidrethi atholakala ulwelwesi, kodwa-akhawunti 10% kuphela isisindo ulwelwesi kuyadingeka. Kodwa kudingeka ukuba kutholakale glycolipids noma glycoproteins.

Uma sikhuluma isilinganiso amaprotheni lipids, ke ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Konke kuncike uhlobo lendwangu. Ngokwesibonelo, e myelin iqukethe mayelana 20% amaprotheni, futhi mitochondria - 80%. Ukwakheka ulwelwesi oluthinta ngqo kwabantu bayo. Ayanda ngoba aqukethe amaprotheni amaningi, ayanda kwabantu igobolondo.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso nemisebenzi lipids

Ngamunye lipid ngokwemvelo kuyinto phospholipid, ezakhiwe nokuxhumana glycerol futhi sphingosine. Emhlabeni isidumbu ezinabantu wahlela lipid ulwelwesi amaprotheni kodwa abawona ungqimba okuqhubekayo. Ezinye zazo ezinhle abangene bagamanxa ungqimba lipids, kuyilapho abanye bathanda qhaqha it. Futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona izindawo permeable emanzini.

Obvious Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi indlela yokwakheka lipids e ulwelwesi ehlukahlukene akuzona okungahleliwe, kodwa incazelo ecacile ukuze lesi simo eye esatholakele. Kunoma igobolondo ethile ingaqukatha kuze kube eziyikhulu izinhlobo ezahlukene lipid molecule. Cabanga izinto ezingase zithinte isinqumo sokuqanjwa lipid yezinhlayiya ulwelwesi.

• Okokuqala, ingxube lipid kumelwe nakanjani babe nekhono yakha bilayers esitebeleni lapho amaprotheni usebenze.
• Okwesibili, lipids, kufanele asize ekulinganiseni zikhubazekile kakhulu ulwelwesi ukuxhumana phakathi nolwelwesi noma amaprotheni ethize esibophezelayo.
• Okwesithathu, lipids - bioregulators.
• Okwesine, abanye lipids abambe iqhaza ngokugcwele ukusabela biosynthesis.

amaprotheni cell ulwelwesi

Amaphrotheni ukukhonza imisebenzi eminingana. Ezinye ukudlala indima enzyme nezinye izinhlobo -transportiruyut izidakamizwa kusukela imvelo esitokisini futhi okuphambene nalokho.

Sakhiwo umsebenzi ulwelwesi ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi amaprotheni ebalulekile igcwale adabula kulo, nokugcina ubuhlobo obuseduze naye. Kodwa amaprotheni neuropathy nakanjani ulwelwesi akuyona kakhulu aminyene. Umsebenzi wawo iwukuhlale isakhiwo igobolondo, ukuthola futhi isiginali kusuka imvelo futhi sikhonze njengoFakazi yelikhono ukusabela okuhlukahlukene.

Ukubunjwa ulwelwesi umelwe ungqimba ngokuyinhloko bimolecular. Liqinisekisa ngokuqhubeka kwalo mngcele nothango mechanical izakhiwo iseli. Ngo inqubo ukuphila ukwephulwa bilayer isakhiwo kungenzeka, okuyinto kubangela ukwakheka sesimweni kwesakhiwo ngokusebenzisa ikhule ezimbotsheni hydrophilic. Ngemva kokusho lokhu, zingaphazamisa yonke imisebenzi ulwelwesi cell.

izakhiwo igobolondo

Properties of ulwelwesi cell ngenxa fluidity yayo, ngenxa okuyinto ayinayo isakhiwo eqinile. Lipids, ilungu layo, Ungahambisa ngokukhululekile. Omunye zingabuka asymmetry we ulwelwesi cell. Lona Isizathu sokuba kube nomehluko amaprotheni futhi lipid zamatshe izingoma.

It kwafakazela polarity we ulwelwesi cell, okungukuthi, ezinsikeni zawo yangaphandle has a icala omuhle, futhi yangaphakathi - akukho. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le igobolondo has a ukuqonda zikhethe. Yena imigqomo ngaphakathi, ngaphezu kwamanzi, kuphela amaqembu athile lwama-molecule ion ziyoncibilika izinto.

Izici isakhiwo ulwelwesi cell ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni

I yangaphandle ulwelwesi kanye reticulum endoplasmic amaseli zihlobene kakhulu. Ngokuvamile ebusweni igobolondo ihlanganiswa futhi eminye ziboya ahlukahlukene folds microvilli. Ulwelwesi plasma weseli isilwane eziphilayo ngaphandle glycoprotein ungqimba camera futhi yenza umsebenzi yokwamukela mkhosi. Ngo plant cells ngaphandle kwalo igobolondo kungenye uqweqwe ngokucacile akachazeki ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu. Fibre kusuka okuyinto bangenelele ukwakheka ukwesekwa kusukela izicubu isitshalo lendabuko, ezifana izinkuni.

Ngo isilwane amaseli futhi babe izakhiwo zangaphandle abatholakala ngaphandle kwe-ulwelwesi. Zenza zokuzivikela kakhulu. Njengoba isibonelo, chitin, eziqukethwe izicubu enamathela isinambuzane.

Ngaphezu iseli, kukhona ulwelwesi intracellular noma kwangaphakathi. It ihlukane ezikhethekile iseli ivaliwe linezingxenye ngokuthi organelles. Babehlale imvelo kuchazwe kufanele kugcinwe.

Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, singaphetha ngokuthi ulwelwesi cell enezici ukufakazela ukubaluleka kwayo ukusebenza wonke umzimba, has a Ukwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nesakhiwo ezincike ezicini eziningi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ukulimala ifilimu kungaholela yokufa kwamangqamuzana engokwemvelo.

Ngakho, isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi ulwelwesi incike sphere isayensi umkhakha, lapho umqondo sisetshenziswa. Kunoma ikuphi, le nto igobolondo noma ukwahlukanisa esesikhundleni eguquguqukayo kanye eqondiswa at emaphethelweni.