Kwabantu enokwehla eRussia

Ekhulwini lama-20, kwabantu Western lalibonisa kwemvelo abalulekile, ngakho manje, kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi imiqondo, imibono, izindlela nezimfundiso. kwabantu enokwehla libhekisela imiqondo ebalulekile yokuhlalisana kwabantu kwekhulu lama-20, kanye nemfundiso yokuziphendukela ukungqubuzana zenhlalo, lo kuhlahlela takhi obusebenzayo, sociometry, imfundiso yokuziphendukela interactionism ongokomfanekiso, umqondo exchange kwezenhlalo kanye kwabantu phenomenological.

kwabantu enokwehla kuhlanganisa izindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

- Zifakwe izifundo enokwehla e kwabantu, lo msebenzi wabo ukuze afeze ucwaningo okuhloswe ngazo ukuxazulula esisebenzayo, imisebenzi kahle ichazwe.

- Academic izifundo enokwehla e kwabantu, lo msebenzi wabo kumiswa ulwazi lwesayensi mayelana izinhlelo imicimbi kokuphila komphakathi ezindaweni ezithize ukuba lisetshenziswe njengeHholo ngesisekelo methodological zocwaningo lwezenhlalo.

kwabantu enokwehla kusukela isigamu kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili okhula hhayi kuphela e-US, kodwa nasezisuseni eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Abameleli beNdikimba esikoleni enokwehla nomthelela ngempela ezixube izithakazelo, kodwa izinkinga eziyinhloko solvable ngesisekelo theory kanye methodological zocwaningo, kanye maqondana nokuxhumana amavolumu izindawo kusetshenziswe futhi zezemfundo.

kwabantu enokwehla eRussia athuthukile njengakuqala inguquko (P.Petrazhitsky, M.Kovalevsky et al.) Futhi ngowokuqala ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi (A.Gastev, S.Strumilin, A.Todorsky, N.Antsiferov, A.Chayanov, I.Bobrovnikov, A.Boltunov, M.Kornev, M.Lebedinsky, V.Olshansky et al.). Enokwehla Sociology eRussia eminyakeni engu-20 wafunda izinkinga umsebenzi inhlangano, okwandisa ukwakheka kwamaconsi isiko, indlela yokuphila ukukhiqizwa, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-30-yalolucwaningo baqhuba izifundo ezinjalo ezamiswa uqalisiwe kuphela 70s (YuLevada, A.Zdravomyslov, I.Kon, G.Osipov, V.Rozhin ,, V.Shubkin, A.Harchev, V.Yadov et al.).

Namuhla ushintsho Imifanekiso indlela yolwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, VA ubuthi eyaziwa sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Russian kusikisela lezi zindlela ezilandelayo zocwaningo enokwehla e izindlela ezihlukahlukene theory. Uphakamisa ukwakha phezu ekwakhiweni ezinjalo paradigms theory: Paradigm in kwabantu - kuyinto onokuqonda okubanzi budlelwane mbono ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise:

a) ukwamukelwa impendulo evamile zefilosofi yombuzo "kuyini social";

b) ukutholwa sobubanzi ezithile ingqikithi izinkinga kucwaningwe Paradigm esithile;

c) ukuqashelwa ngemibandela ethile evamile for ubuqiniso futhi lithembekile izimiso yolwazi maqondana nezinqubo kwezenhlalo kanye izenzakalo.

Ukuthuthukiswa Russia nase kwabantu yskoy sibuyekezwe izigaba ezintathu:

isigaba 1st (60- 80s. ekhulwini lethoba.). Kukhona kwabantu eNtshonalanga kanti eRussia, futhi, futhi. It zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu isayensi, esebenzisa neminye imikhakha yesayensi njengendlela "ishede" amaqiniso ludingeka ekuthuthukisweni kwemithetho yayo nekwehlukahlukana kutenhlalo kanye statics. Ngalesi sikhathi, kokubili kwabantu athuthukile njengendlela ezindawo esikoleni, organicism, Psychology: the kwezenhlalo-psychism nesikole subjective.

kwabantu subjective kwakhiwa izimiso zakhe ngaphambi kwanoma ubani omunye. Isisusa kwaba isifiso phikisana imicabango populism Russian ndawonye.

ngokwengqondo isiqondiso imibono uhlole indzima lebalulekile yezici kwamasiko ezinomthelela ugqozi ekuziphatheni kwabantu.

isigaba 2nd (80 -. 90 19 e.). Phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakhiwa ukufakwa antipositivist futhi Marxism. Ngalesi sikhathi M.M.Kovalevsky ezikhishwe umsebenzi wakhe "Sociology". Wayeqonda kwabantu njengoba isayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nenhlangano yomphakathi. Wagcizelela ukuthi kwabantu nzima okwakuthandelene kwezomnotho, ngokwengqondo, izici womhlaba, kodwa akekho kubo, ngesikhathi esifanayo, aliveli juqu.

isigaba 3rd (kufika ku-20-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu lama-20). Oholela ezikoleni - neo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo bakha "kwabantu Christian".

Isinyathelo 4th (80s C 'kwekhulu lama-20 kuze kube yilapho N.V.). A esigabeni esisha, okwakuyohambisana izinguquko ezinkulu kwabantu, okuyinto obonwa isayensi ezimele.