Ukuhlanganisa - a pedagogy ... Ukuchaza umqondo, ifomu, umsebenzi ukuhlanganiswa e pedagogy. Inkinga lokuhlanganisa ekufundiseni

Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje yentuthuko somphakathi wesintu kudinga izindlela ezintsha ukuthi ukwandisa izinga lemfundo omncane inqubo isizukulwane. Pho-ke, ingaxazululwa le nkinga? Ukudidiyelwa Pedagogy - yilokho indlela yangempela evumela abafundi zangaphambili ukuze azivumelanise nezwe elibazungezile. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuba nganoma iyiphi indlela uthisha ebandakanya lo mqondo.

INGEMUVA ukuhlanganiswa

Okuvame kakhulu kule isichazamazwi nguthishela yesimanje futhi uthisha kuyizwi "uhlelo". Luhilela:

• semfundo njengoba uhlelo;
• trainings izinhlelo;
• simiso ubudlelwano phakathi izingane nothisha, nokunye. d.

Futhi konke zemvelo ngokuphelele. Phela, ngisho A. S. Makarenko babephikisana ngokuthi iqiniso lokuthi alikho ikhambi ayikwazi kubhekwe ngokuhlukile ohlelweni. Futhi angeke kubhekwe ezinhle noma ezimbi lapho ucabangela uhla amathonya zemfundo ekhona.

Okusondele kakhulu ohlelweni uyinto ezifana "ukuhlanganiswa ekufundiseni kanye nemfundo." Inikeza ubuqotho lonke inqubo yokufunda.

Inchazelo

Kuyini ukuhlanganiswa? Lokhu sifundisa akukona nje inqubo kanye umphumela nokuxhumana izakhi ezihlukahlukene. Ngenhla kuholela ekugcineni ukuvela into ephelele, entsha.

Umgomo we ukuhlanganiswa e pedagogy angabhekwa ezicini ezimbili. Okokuqala, isimo esibonakala by ukungaguquguquki, ukuhleleka nokuzinza uxhumano emkhatsini wetincenye teluhlaka ahlukahlukene. Okwesibili - inqubo eholela kulesi simo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa - lokhu pedagogy kuyinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza lonke uhlelo lwemfundo, njengoba iyakunikeza ubuqotho bayo.

Ukuxhumana izici ezahlukene DOW - eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi multi-level. Yingakho kwencazelo ukuhlanganiswa, zikhona izindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho, V. S. Bezrukova ukholelwa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa - kuyinto kwencazelo pedagogy e oluphakeme kakhulu ubuhlobo. Siveza ubunye zonke izingxenye zohlelo lwezemfundo, belinganisa nokuqukethwe kwalo.

Futhi ngokusho ososayensi OG Gilyazova, ukuhlanganiswa ekufundiseni - kuyinto uhlelo lephelele organically eyala sixhumene. It is eyakhelwe by Isifaniso nezwe ozungezayo ingane.

Ngokwe-JS Serdyukov ukuhlanganiswa - lokhu pedagogy lutho kodwa inqubo yokuxhumana futhi Kuhlangana wesayensi, amelela oluphakeme kakhulu kwathatha qualitative xaxa isinyathelo imfundo.

Nokho, naphezu kunemibono ehlukahlukene, kusekelwe umqondo okuxoxwa ngayo njalo izici zenqubo. Yingakho ukuhlanganiswa - lokhu pedagogy kahle, multi-ingxenye futhi uxhumano zazihlelekile phakathi zonke izingxenye wehlelo lefundo zombelele. Umgomo wayo oyinhloko self-ekukhuleni kwengane.

ukubaluleka ukuhlanganiswa

uhlelo Kuqiniswe izakhi ezahlukene imfundo kuyinto ekuthuthukiseni enemisebenzi izingane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza kuze kwaneliseke izithakazelo namakhono abo, ukuhlinzeka ukubambisana nomthelela ngokomzwelo, ugqozi, ububanzi nginenhliziyo futhi enamandla futhi elusizo ukuthi bangobani wengane.

Umqondo "ukuhlanganiswa" e pedagogy kusho:

• incazelo oluphelele izimpokophelo imfundo;
• inhlanganisela nokufundisa amathuluzi asetshenziswa emva-ihora noqeqesho;
• ubuqotho ukufeza imiphumela ehlosiwe;
• Ubuhlobo lemfundo main futhi ezengeziwe;
• eguquguqukayo inhlangano imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa, usebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi izinhlobo emisebenzini yangemva kwesikole;
• ngokudala imibuthano kwezobuciko, kanye ukwethulwa izifundo Integrative;
• ukuxhumana tonkhe tincenye inqubo yemfundo, umphakathi kanye nezikole.

Amafomu kanye namazinga lokuhlanganisa

Umsebenzi oyinhloko umphumela Pedagogical phezu ingane ukuqeqeshwa Umbono wakhe emhlabeni wonkana. Umfundi kufanele bazi ubudlelwana hlangana izinto kanye izenzakalo, bese ukupenda isithombe esikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umntwana kufanele bakwazi ukubona into ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Ngempumelelo umsebenzi engqondweni yethu izingane sezivuma kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lapho lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezenzo ezingafanele ukuhlanganiswa asetshenziswa ekufundiseni. Omunye wabo - naphakathi. Kusho ukuhlanganiswa of yisiphi isiyalo esikoleni ngabanye. Kulokhu, amaqiniso iyona kanye imiqondo kufakwe emkhakheni ofanayo yolwazi, zenziwe uhlelo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto zokufundisa uthatha uhlobo amabhlogo ezinkulu. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ushintshe okuqukethwe isiyalo kwesakhiwo. Buhle le ndlela ukuhlanganiswa ukuthi umfundi uthola ulwazi egcwele mayelana impahla wafunda. Kuyinto ephawulekayo yokuthi uthisha ngesikhathi esifanayo kwenza isifundo capacious ngaphezulu.

ukuhlanganiswa naphakathi kuhilela ukwakhiwa isakhiwo Helical zokubukwa, esekelwe isimiso concentricity. Kule nqubo yokufunda kungathatha indawo mhlawumbe kusuka jikelele kuya ethile, noma okuphambene nalokho. ulwazi okusha ungumfundisi ngemithamo ukuthi kancane kancane lujula futhi ikhulisa umfundi ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke ekhona ngale ndaba. pedagogy Modern kudinga ukuba aqhube inqubo yemfundo endleleni ukuhlanganiswa cwaningo kanyekanye ngezihloko ezihlobene kanye nezingqikithi. Kulokhu, lo mfundi inikezwa nje okungaqondile ukuzilolonga kanye nemisebenzi, ekufezeni izenzo ezimele ngesisekelo Isifaniso, lokungeniswa futhi Ukuqhathanisa namathebula namashadi, nokunye. D.

Olunye uhlobo ukuhlanganiswa lihlelo yangaphakathi. Kutfutfukisa emakhono lisetshenziswa umfundi izinto kwelinye kuncike ekutadisheni omunye. Ingane iqala zikwazi esibanzi, niqonda imikhakha jikelele ngokwesayensi futhi lisondela iyonke. Kulesi ukuhlanganiswa Kungafezani ngezindlela eziningana. Eyokuqala yalezi - enezingqimba. It usungula ukuxhumana imikhakha eyahlukene, okuncike olwazini lwesayensi. Lokhu ugwema ukuphindaphindeka futhi konga ukuqeqeshwa isikhathi. Eyesibili indlela - mpo. Uma ukukhulumisana imikhakha eyahlukene asetshenziselwa ukwakheka izinhlobo ezivamile ukucabanga, ezifana physics kanye mathematics, humanities, kwemvelo nokunye. D. It ivumela ingane ukwakha isithombe okuphelele kwalelizwe lamanje.

Umqondo "ukuhlanganiswa" e pedagogy kuhlanganisa ezimbili amafomu yayo - zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Eyokuqala yalezi kuyinto isici sangaphakathi ukuqeqeshwa inqubo. ukuhlanganiswa sangaphandle Kwenziwa nokuxhumana nezikhungo zemfundo nezinye izikhungo kanye nomphakathi.

Ake sicabangele ukuhlanganiswa intraschool. Kuyinto ukuxhumana kanye interconnection amathuluzi okufundisa ahlukahlukene asetshenziswa emazingeni eziningana:

• kusungula uxhumano yangaphakathi (isib intrasubject);
• ukusabela phakathi izindawo zokufunda (isib phakathi izifundo);
• uxhumano kwizwe elilodwa Thobelanani cwaningo (siqhuba isifundo ihlanganiswe) ;
• ukwethulwa amathuluzi yokufunda entsha (beqhuba amakilasi e eyehlukene nokunye. d.).

izinkomba ukuhlanganiswa

inqubo Ukufundisa kuba ngempumelelo ngaphezulu:

• ekwandiseni amathuba emfundo ukuqeqeshwa sessions ukwandisa zokuziphatha komntwana nokubona ezithinta lasungulwa sakhe ngekwemiva netenhlalo;
• ngcono engqondweni yethu, nemvelo bokusungula emisebenzini yangemva kwesikole;
• usebenzisa lahlukene amathuluzi ezemfundo, blurs umehluko phakathi kwenqubo yokufunda kanye nemisebenzi eyengeziwe-curricular ukuthi ahlinzeke ukuthuthukiswa okuhlukahlukene of ubuntu bengane.

Uma inqubo yokufunda ezingeni eliphezulu ukuhlanganiswa (le ncazelo ekufundiseni inqubo esingavunyelwe kulawulwa uhlelo ikilasi-umsebenzi), khona-ke le mfanelo imfundo yakamuva, okuyinto iyithuluzi eziyinkimbinkimbi zemfundo.

Imibono kanye nemisebenzi ukuhlanganiswa

Ukuze afeze umthelela olunzulu on ukuthuthukiswa kanye kumiswa ingane pedagogy yesimanje ukuhlakulela imodeli multi-level nokuxhumana, okubandakanya izigaba zezingane esakhula.

Ngakho, lapho kuhlanganiswa pre-school kanye amazinga esikoleni sabaqalayo. Uthisha esikoleni sabaqalayo kusiza izingane ukuhlola imihlola kanye imiqondo wemikhakha zemfundo eyisisekelo. Lokhu kunika amandla ukuqhubeka izifundo ezingeni ngokujulile. Ngakho kukhona ithuba elikhulu ezinganeni ibe namakhono akhethekile liyingxenye izici zokuqinisa e pedagogy.

Ngokuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa naphakathi-esiteji, othisha bafeze imisebenzi oluphelele zemfundo okuhloswe ngaso ukuthuthukiswa nokufunda kwengane. Lokhu ukuzixazulula umsebenzi oyinhloko esikoleni - ukumkhulula izindonga zawo umuntu isekelé amakhono, ulwazi kanye namakhono zenhlalo.

Ngesikhathi confluence kwemfundo jikelele futhi ezengeziwe bachazwa abantu wezingoma onekhono zokudala. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamangqamuzana nokuhlanganiswa. Pedagogy ngesikhathi esifanayo inquma umsebenzi wengane futhi izimisele ukuthuthukiswa yayo egcwele.

Jikelele nemfundo ekhethekile

Okwamanje, inchubomgomo yembuso wokufundisa esizukulwaneni esisha balamukela isu entsha. Kuyinto nokuhlanganiswa imfundo jikelele kanye ekhethekile. Lokhu focus kwenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingane namandla ezahlukene zezempilo. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sale nqubomgomo itholakala humanization emphakathini, kanye kumiswa ikhono bezibona evamile zabantu abakhubazekile.

Integration ku pedagogy kwezimilo kubaluleke kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi udaba ukuphila indoda abanokukhubazeka kuyinselele. Kufanele banethuba ekuzibandakanyeni zonke izinhlobo nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Lokhu uzomvumela ngezinga elithile, olungaba isinxephezelo lezi ukulinganiselwa kanye amathuba yentuthuko.

Ukudidiyelwa imfundo ekhethekile ithobela umqondo wokuthi ukuphila izimpilo zabantu abakhubazekile kufanele kube eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze isitayela izimo zokuphila of the wonke umphakathi.

izikhungo ukuhlukaniswa

Lezi zihlanganisa wonke isimiso izikole kwezimilo, ukwakheka okuyinto ezweni lethu seziqedile ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Le nqubo nomthelela entry waseRussia esikhaleni zemfundo kanye nokwaziswa emhlabeni jikelele.

Umqondo ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlanganiswa ku pedagogy kwezimilo kumele uhambisane namazinga esamukelekile ngamazwe, ezihlobene nabantu abaphila nokukhubazeka. Yingakho umsebenzi wokufundisa lezi zingane kufanele ziqondiswe ezingeni wombuso, njengoba kudinga kokubili ukusekela kwezomnotho kanye ngokomoya nangokuziphatha, izisebenzi kanye ukulungela okuqukethwe-yenhlangano.

Namuhla e-Russia kunenkinga lokuhlanganisa ekufundiseni imfundo ekhethekile, njengoba izingane eziningi nezinkinga zentuthuko, ukufunda ezikoleni ezivamile zohlelo njalo. Izizathu zalokhu yilezi:

• ukungabikho inani elidingekayo ukulungiswa (ekhethekile) ezikhungweni zemfundo;
• ibanga wabo omkhulu endaweni lapho ingane ihlala khona;
• ukwenqena abazali abaningi ukuthumela ingane yabo esikhungweni.

co-imfundo

Kukhona onobuhle eziningana imfundo ihlanganiswe. Omunye wabo kuyinto zesikole coeducational evamile futhi izingane UBANI. uhlelo zemfundo ezinjalo ukuvelela isinyathelo we imfundo yesimanje ekhethekile eRussia. Ngakho, into empeleni esasisesisha kubhekwa imfundo ihlanganiswe ekilasini njalo kubafundi abayizithulu. Kuze kube muva nje, lezi zingane ukuwela izikhungo mass zemfundo ivelakancane, futhi kwaba ikakhulukazi ngengozi. Kwakumelwe ukuhlanganiswa ayizwakali kubangelwa izimo kwamasiko kanye nezomnotho yaso ezweni lethu. Okwamanje, lesi simanga akuseyona rarity.

Abazali wokuzwa izingane kahle futhi oyisithulu banikwa imibhalo esikoleni njalo ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Phakathi kwabo:

• ukungabi khona kolwazi etholakalayo mayelana simiso Special Education;
• ukuhlolwa Inhloso mayelana ukulungela ingane UBANI ukuya esikoleni njalo;
• Kudos ukuvakashela izikhungo jikelele-njongo izingane nezinkinga zempilo.

Kungakhathaliseki kukhethwa izizathu zokuthi kungani abazali abangayenza, isinqumo sabo yinhlonipho nokuqonda. Nokho, ukuhlanganiswa wengane ku ezikoleni ezejwayelekile zizosebenza kuphela ingxenye izingane, okuyinto, sibonga ekuhlonzweni nasekwelashweni Iminako yezinto eziphikelelayo abasondelene mayelana nokuthuthuka yayo yansuku ubudala.

Ukudalwa amakilasi ekhethekile

Integration ku pedagogy kwezimilo wezwe lakithi ithobela, ngokuvamile umuntu, imodeli ezivamile. Linikeza ukuze kwakhiwe amakilasi ekhethekile ezikoleni mass. Bamukela izingane:

• abanokukhubazeka bokusungula;
• nge kunqanda kwengqondo;
• yobunzima yokuvumelana imvelo sikole.

amaqembu Special kungadalwa e izinkulisa abavamile. Bamukela abafundi ngeziphambeko yokukhuluma, umbono nokuzwa.

Izinkinga zanamuhla

Eminyakeni yamuva, imbangela eyinhloko eziphikelelayo underachievement esikoleni iba nobunzima yokujwayela imvelo zemfundo. Ngenxa yalokhu mkhuba isivele esikoleni samabanga aphansi abakwazi ukufunda izinto zohlelo njalo 20 kuya kwangu-30 abantwana bakwa-. Lokhu kungenxa ukugeleza okwandayo kolwazi kanye inkinga yayo, kanye Ukuwohloka impilo esizukulwaneni esisha.

Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, ihlelwe Russia imfundo umahluko. Kusekelwe indlela siqu umfundi, ikhumbula amakhono kanye netimphawu. Lokhu kwakha uhlelo ikilasi, abasebenzi uthisha abaqeqeshiwe, futhi izingane ezimweni emnene. Ilungisa impilo yasesikoleni, uvuma ezinhlotsheni nezidingo namakhono abafundi.

Imfundo yezingane ne retardation engqondo

Nokwenziwa abafundi ikharikhulamu retardation engqondo ahlupheke izinkinga eziphikelelayo ezenzeka ngenxa:

• nokuntula usizo;
• ugqozi lokufunda ongaphakeme;
• passivity engqondweni yethu;
• nokungathuthuki inkumbulo, bezibona, motor amakhono, ukubambisana, nokunye. d.

Ngenxa yalezi izingane libhekene supply elilinganiselwe ulwazi mayelana nezwe nekghono ongaphakeme. Ukudedela umuntu onjalo empilweni, sidinga ukuhlanganiswa wakhe nomphakathi. Kuyinto e -psychology kanye pedagogy usivumele ukuthi wadala ngokukhethekile izikhungo zemfundo izimilo noma amakilasi. Lokhu isiqondiso isivele sina isipiliyoni esanele. Inhlangano lokuqeqeshwa retardation engqondo izingane ezweni lakithi Kwenziwa amashumi eminyaka. Ngosizo abafundi uthisha banqoba izinkinga eziningi, kanye nengxenye yezikhulu izingane emva esikoleni samabanga aphansi ukuqhubeka nemfundo yabo kanye abafundi evamile.

Ngokwe-ochwepheshe isiRashiya, ukuze bafeze nokuhlanganiswa kusenesikhathi lesi sifo ukulungiswa ezidingekayo futhi psychophysical e esigabeni sokuqala nentuthuko. Kuphela kulesi simo-ke bazonikezwa ukuthuthukiswa umfundi wangempela abanezidingo ezikhethekile. Ukuqaliswa isimo esinjalo esizolungisa ingane imfundo kuhlanganiswe isikhungo esikhulu semfundo nokobana amandla ayo zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyoba avuselele umsebenzi umfundi bese udala kwesimo lesilungele ukuthuthukiswa yayo egcwele.