Lapho izimoto siqala Russia?

Lapho izimoto siqala Russia? Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule lo mbuzo, kudingeka baqonde umqondo yini imoto.

Kuyini imoto

Igama elithi "imoto" liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili. "Auto" - livela isiGreki lisho "umuntu" nelithi "ukuhamba" kusho Latin "ukunyakaza".

It kuvela ukuthi imoto - ke umshini Ungahambisa ngokuzimela. Lokho, kulesi sakhiwo kufanele abe yayo motor indlela - umusi, igesi, ugesi, uphethiloli, udizili - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi, nje ukuyisebenzisa ukuze ujike isondo. Ngakho, imoto yokuqala uvele Russia ngesikhathi lapho yasungulwa isakhiwo ingcweti, yakwazi ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kosizo ihhashi traction futhi imizamo kwemisipha sika.

Nokho okhokho ezifuywayo embonini yezimoto kufanele kubhekwe njengento "lefties" Russian owawungase waphoqeleka ukuba imiklamo yabo ngaphandle iqhaza amahhashi, hhayi ukukhuluma ngabo kungaba okungalungile.

Umsuka wegama yasekhaya embonini yezimoto

History of the imoto yokuqala Russian waqala 1 Novemba 1752 Petersburg. Kwakukhona kuqala kuboniswe ukuthutha ezine-ezinamasondo, okuyinto wakwazi ukuphinde ahambe ngaphandle kosizo amahhashi nezinye izilwane ezithwalayo. Kwakuyisikhathi indlela steel isethwe kunyakaza ngosizo amasango eziklanyelwe nemizamo kwemisipha ngomuntu oyedwa. Ukuthutha okuthwala, ngaphezu umshayeli, nabanye abagibeli ababili futhi ngaleyo ndlela wathutha ngesivinini 15 km / h. Umklami umshini khona serf-wafundisa abavamile, babehlala Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni - Shamshurenkov Leonty Lukyanovich. He qamba indlela, yebo, ngeke kubhekwe imoto, kodwa lokho ngeke kube inqola.

kusondzela kakhulu ajwayelekile kithi umbono imoto kwaba umklami Russian Ivan Petrovich Kulibin.

nezisebenzi Kulibina

Ukwakheka, Kulibin yasungulwa kwakuba chassis ezintathu ezinamasondo lapho double umgibeli esihlalweni ifakiwe. Umshayeli yena, wawakhiwe ngemuva lesi sihlalo kwaba bazabela baba ingcindezi ihamba ezimbili, ehambisana ne-ukujikeleza indlela isondo. Crew Kulibina ephawuleka kakhulu ukuthi iqukethe cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye ebalulekile design imoto esikhathini esizayo, futhi nguye kuqala esetshenziswa ukuthutha ukuguquguquka amagiya yakhe, braking kudivayisi, amabombo kanye isondo.

Ukuvela imoto yokuqala eRussia

Ngo 1830, K. Yankevich owayenguyise master wavuma ka ngabaqaphi Affairs, kanye nabasizi bakhe ababebuthene "Bystrokat" - self ezinezinjini umshini ezinamasondo ne injini umusi. Injini kwadingeka idivayisi esekelwe imiklamo umusi amandla amayunithi I. I. Polzunova, ME Cherepanov futhi P. K. frolova. Njengoba kubaswa ngazo umlilo, ngokuvumelana umsunguli, kwaba ukuthi kusetshenziswe namalahle zikaphayini.

Umklamo kwaba isondo ezimboziwe zenqola, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola, ngaphezu isikhala umshayeli, futhi kwelinye igumbi abagibeli.

Nokho, lo mshini kwaba nzima kakhulu futhi kunzima ukusebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, ukuklanywa umshini wazibonakalisa engasimeme. Noma kunjalo, kwaba imoto yokuqala yasekhaya eRussia, okuyinto ngempela ingathiwa wangempela umshini self ezinezinjini nge injini umusi.

Ukubukeka injini ukuthi ingaqalisa ku-petrol, inqobo Umfutho ukuqhubeka izimoto, njengoba nguye, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo kuqhathaniswa compact, kungaba umthombo ukushayela iyimbangela izimoto esizayo.

Izimoto zokuqala nge yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini eRussia

Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando nabacwaningi, imoto yokuqala nge yangaphakathi omlilo injini kwakhiwa 1882 edolobheni elincane phezu iVolga. Abalobi imishini babe onjiniyela kanye Putilov Hlobil. Nokho, imibhalo esemthethweni, enokwethenjelwa uqinisekise lesi, ngakho wathola futhi kwakungeyona. Ngakho-ke, kukholelwa ukuthi izimoto zokuqala kakhulu eRussia, ifakwe izinjini ketshezi-fuel zisuka phesheya.

Ngo-1891 Vasily Navorotskim, wamabhuku umhleli omunye amaphephandaba e-Odessa Russia ingeniswe imoto French "Panhard Levassor." It kuvela ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqa ezweni uphethiloli yethu imoto wabona izakhamizi Odessa.

Ngaphambi uMbuso Russian, inhloko-dolobha inqubeko ifomu kaphethiloli izimoto eba neminyaka 4 kuphela kamuva. 9 Agasti 1895 Petersburg wabona umshini likaphethiloli lokuqala self ezinezinjini. Ngemva kwesikhashana, ezimbalwa zalezi izimoto kwalethwa enhlokodolobha.

Ngokusobala, ukubukeka onobuhle amazwe emakethe yomhlaba ngezinga lalifuna ukuba isenzo kanye nomklamo onjiniyela yasekhaya.

imoto Russia kuqala nge injini amandla omlilo

Ngo-1896 ngesikhathi Nizhny Novgorod embukisweni yomphakathi ukubuka laqanjwa imoto ngokugcwele inhlangano yasekhaya, ifakwe injini uphethiloli. Le moto okuthiwa "Car Frese futhi Yakovlev, 'behlonipha Abaklami zabo - E. A. Yakovleva futhi P. A. Freze. Yakovlev plant ukhiqiza ukuwudlulisa injini for imoto. Chassis, amasondo kanye umzimba ngokwawo ekhiqizwa efektri Frese. Nokho, asikwazi ukuthi ukubukeka imoto isiRashiya kwakuwulimi kuphela inzuzo onjiniyela Russian.

imodeli asentshonalanga imoto Russian

Cishe, Frese futhi Yakovlev okwenza umshini wakhe wasebenzisa okwenzeka German umklami Benz, kanye nendinganiso sathathwa ngemoto yakhe "Benz Victoria", lapho kutholakala ngokuvakashela 1893 semibukiso e Chicago, lapho embukisweni, njengoba okwakhayo kanye at yayo ukubukeka imoto yasekhaya kakhulu efana isampuli German.

Nokho, kufanele ngincome onjiniyela isiRashiya, imoto akuyona ikhophi ngokuphelele-ephethwe of uzakwabo angaphandle. Chassis, umzimba kanye powertrain imoto yasekhaya ziye ngcono kakhulu, okwakubekelwa asiqokomisa emaphephandabeni kwaleso sikhathi, eduze ethungatha ngentuthuko yakamuva okwatholwa ensimini futhi ezisunguliwe.

Amapharamitha esibhaliwe imishini yasekhaya, kanye nemidwebo, kungukuthi balondolozwa. Zonke izahlulelo imoto esekelwe uyasinda kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izincazelo kanye nezithombe. Empeleni, ngisho kungaziwa bangaki zavezwa nhlobo imishini yalolu chungechunge. Kodwa noma kunjalo, laba babengamadodana izimoto zokuqala eRussia, kusukela lapho ukukhiqizwa serial izimoto Russian.

Sekuseduze sifike entanjeni yalo ngenxa lokuqala izimoto ngophethiloli

Umlando imoto, eqoqwe Frese nomngane wakhe, ngokushesha iphelile. Ngo 1898, unjiniyela kanye usozimboni Yakovlev wafa, ukuthi, eqinisweni, kwaba ukuqala kwenkathi yokuphela kwezwe ezibulweni lesithunjwa yasekhaya embonini yezimoto. Ukufa engumngane Frese ophoqelelwe ukuthenga izinjini izimoto phesheya, okuyinto, Yebo, disadvantageous kakhulu kuye. Ngo-1910, wathengisa zonke ukukhiqizwa esungulwe Russian-Baltic Shipyard.

Noma kunjalo, iqiniso lokuthi izimoto zokuqala ekukhiqizeni Russian yasekhaya abangu imbonga Yakovlev futhi Frese, kuze kube phakade olotshwe umlando ezifuywayo embonini yezimoto, kanye RBVZ kwaba isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza imoto Russian.

Russian-Baltic carload kwemboni (RBVZ)

Eyokuqala Russian nemoto brand owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi ngokusemthethweni "Russo-Balt". Ngaphansi kwawo, ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuthenga ifektri Frese, ehlobo lika-1909, inkampani kukhiqizwa imoto yokuqala ukukhiqizwa ayo.

Izimoto yalesi brand kwenziwa kuye kwabonisa ngokwabo njengoba eyizingqabavu futhi enokwethenjelwa kakhulu, okufakazela impumelelo izimoto iqhaza e ugijimela elide, imoto imincintiswano ngisho imibuthano yamazwe ngamazwe. Iqiniso lokuthi omunye izimoto, wadedelwa ngo-1910 ngaphansi kophawu u "C-24" Kukhona-bodokotela, iminyaka 4 wokusebenza isidlulile 80 eziyinkulungwane. Km ngaphandle ezibangela ukubhalelwa kuziphendulela ngefanelo ezinkulu kanye nokulungisa. Ngisho egalaji yasebukhosini i-oda ezimbili amamodeli we izimoto ngo-1913, "K-12" futhi "C-24".

60% yemikhumbi imoto yempi Russian lalinabashumayeli imishini "Russo-Balt". Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sitshalo uthenge hhayi kuphela izimoto, kodwa futhi chassis ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni zempi.

Kuvele esibalulekile ukuthi cishe zonke izingxenye, izingxenye kanye nezindlela zalesi sihlahla wenza yayo. Phesheya uthenge amathayi kuphela, ibhola amabombo, namafutha ingcindezi Izikali.

RBVZ ukukhiqiza izimoto eziningi ezinkulu, futhi ngaphakathi ngamunye wabo kwakubikwa interchangeability pheze ephelele amayunithi nezingxenye.

Ngo-1918 inkampani zadliwa uhulumeni futhi baqhubeka nomlando wayo kokubili isitshalo zempi.