Lenses: izinhlobo lens (physics). Amafomu wokuqoqa, optical zimhlakazile lens. Indlela ukucacisa uhlobo lens?

I lens bavame ukuba surface eyindilinga noma cishe eyindilinga. Kungenzeka convex, ngilugweda noma flat (engaba infinity). Ingabe evele ezimbili lapho ukukhanya sihamba. Bangakwazi ezihlangana ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlobo ezahlukene lens (isithombe unikezwa kamuva kulesi sihloko):

• Uma bobabili evele kukhona ayizindunduma (ngaphandle nibonakala kubantu nilungile egwegwile) ingxenye emaphakathi mkhulu kunokhalo emaphethelweni.
• Lens izimbulunga convex kanye ngilugweda ubizwa ngokuthi meniscus.
• Lens nge surface flat ibizwa ngokuthi Plano-ngilugweda noma Plano-convex, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo omunye sithombe.

Indlela ukucacisa uhlobo lens? Ake sihlole ngokuningiliziwe ngalokhu.

Ukuqoqa lens: izinhlobo lens

Kungakhathaliseki elihlangana evele uma ukujiya zabo engxenyeni emaphakathi mkhulu imiphetho, zabizwa lokuqoqa. Have a Ubude ebalulekile omuhle. Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo bebuthanela lens:

• Plano-convex,
• biconvex,
• a concavo-convex (meniscus).

Zibizwa ngokuthi "omuhle".

Ukusabalala lens: izinhlobo lens

Uma ukujiya zabo kuba ohlabayo esikhungweni kuka at emaphethelweni, bebizwa kusakazeka. Have a negative ubude ebalulekile. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo ihlakaza lens:

• Plano-phakathi,
• biconcave,
• ngilugweda-convex (meniscus).

Zibizwa ngokuthi "omubi."

imiqondo eyisisekelo

Kanti futhi le misebe washintsha emthonjeni iphuzu iphuzu elilodwa. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-ugongolo. Lapho ugongolo engena lens, ugongolo ngalinye refracted ngokushintsha isiqondiso sayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ugongolo ungakwazi ukuphuma lens ngendlela etshiyeneyo ucishe.

Ezinye izinhlobo lens optical ukushintsha isiqondiso wale misebe ukuze izingxenye at iphuzu elilodwa. Uma umthombo wokukhanya athambekele okungenani ibanga ebalulekile, ugongolo converges weyesi okuyinto, okungenani at elifanayo.

izithombe zangempela kanye virtual

Umthombo iphuzu yokukhanya ibizwa ngokuthi into evumelekile, futhi iphuzu Kuhlanganiswe ugongolo imisebe ivela lens, kuba isithombe esivumelekile.

Ukubaluleka has uxhaxha iphuzu imithombo okuye kwasakazwa eminyakeni ngokuvamile phezu flat. Isibonelo isithombe ingilazi phansi, ovuthayo kusuka emuva. Esinye isibonelo filmstrip esikhanyayo ngemuva ukuze ukukhanya kuwo badabula lens, esandisa isithombe flat screen.

Kulezi zimo, khuluma ngezinto indiza. Point indiza isithombe 1: 1 zihambisana amaphuzu indiza into. Kuyefana nasendleleni le imidwebo yejeyomethri, yize isithombe okuholela kungenziwa nabokhulumile mayelana into kusukela phezulu kuya phansi noma kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla.

Toe-ray ngesinye isikhathi kudala isithombe langempela, futhi umehluko - engokomfanekiso. Lapho ngokucacile echazwe esikrinini - ukuthi silungile. Uma isithombe esifanayo kuyabonakala nje ngokubheka ngemehlo ngalapho kuvela khona ukukhanya, ibizwa ngokuthi iplanethi. Yokuzindla esibukweni - engokomfanekiso. Isithombe kungabonwa ngokusebenzisa isibonakude - kanye. Kodwa projection lens ikhamera ifilimu kunikeza isithombe sangempela.

ubude ebalulekile

Focus lens kungatholakala ngokufunda edabula ke isigodo ray ngokulinganisa. Iphuzu lapho beza ndawonye, futhi sizogxila F. Ibanga kusuka ayiphoyinti lens libizwa ebalulekile ubude f yayo. ungeqa imisebe parallel ngaphesheya futhi ngaleyo ndlela uthole F nhlangothi zombili. lens ngamunye has ezimbili ezimbili F no f. Uma kuba kuqhathaniswa mncane kuqhathaniswa ubude bayo ebalulekile, lona wamuva kukhona okungenani zilingana.

Kwehlukana kanye Kuhlangana

Elinesimo omuhle ebalulekile ubude bebuthanela lens. Amafomu yalolu hlobo of lens (Plano-convex, biconcave, meniscus) ukunciphisa imisebe ephuma kubo, ngaphezu kwazo aye ancipha aze lokhu. I lens lokuqoqa zingase zimiswe njengendlela wangempela futhi isithombe engokomfanekiso. Kumiswa kuqala kuphela uma ibanga ukusuka lens into mkhulu eqondile.

Elinesimo ebalulekile ubude diverging lens ezimbi. Amafomu yalolu hlobo of lens (Plano-phakathi, biconcave, meniscus) imisebe buhlanjululwe ezingaphezu kuka bahlukanisa ngaphambi kokuthola ku ezindaweni zawo. Ukusabalala lens ukwakha isithombe virtual. Kuphela uma tekuhlangana sigameko Rays abalulekile (bona bukhomba endaweni ethile phakathi lens futhi ayiphoyinti ngakolunye uhlangothi) imisebe kwakhiwa kusengenzeka bukhomba ukwakha isithombe sangempela.

umehluko obalulekile

Kufanele uqaphele kakhulu ukuhlukanisa Kuhlangana noma kwehlukana we imishayo Kuhlangana noma kwehlukana lens. Izinhlobo amalensi Puchkov Sveta kungase kungabi okufanayo. Rays kuhlotshaniswa into noma isithombe iphuzu, abizwa ngokuthi etshiyeneyo uma "abaleke" futhi convergent uma "ukubutha" ndawonye. Kunoma coaxial uhlelo optical optical -eksisi indlela wale misebe. Ugongolo kanye eksisi sihamba ngaphandle ushintsho isiqondiso ngenxa kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona. Kuyinto, eqinisweni, incazelo ezinhle eksisi optical.

Beam okuyinto sisuka ibanga kusuka eksisi optical libizwa etshiyeneyo. Lowo is ziyasondela kuso, ibizwa ngokuthi convergent. Rays parallel eksisi optical, kukhona Kuhlangana kuqanda kwehlukana. Ngakho, lapho sikhuluma tekuhlangana noma kwehlukana ugongolo, ke kuhlobene nezinga eksisi optical.

Ezinye izinhlobo lens, yemvelo ka okuyinto yokuthi ugongolo is baphambukile ngokwezinga elikhulu ukuze eksisi optical, ziqoqwa. Bona izingxenye imisebe bukhomba kakhudlwana futhi etshiyeneyo kokuhamba kancane. Ziyakwazi ngisho ukwazi, uma amandla abo kwanele le njongo, wenze isixha parallel noma convergent. Ngokufanayo diverging lens angahlakaza imisebe ngaphezulu diverging, futhi bebuthanela - ukwenza parallel noma etshiyeneyo.

izibuko Magnifying

A ilensi evele ezimbili ayizindunduma mkhulu phakathi nendawo kuka at emaphethelweni, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela isikhulisi elula noma Loupe. Kulokhu, ingqapheli ebuka engokomfanekiso, umfanekiso wakhe omkhulu. Nokho, i-lens ikhamera, yakha phezu ifilimu noma inzwa langempela ngokuvamile encishisiwe ngobukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne into.

izibuko

Ikhono lens ukushintsha convergence ukukhanya ibizwa ngokuthi amandla ayo. Lubonakaliswa diopters D = 1 / f, lapho f - ubude ebalulekile ngamamitha.

Esikhathini lens ngamandla 5 diopters f = 20 cm. Lokhu kubonisa diopter kudokotela wamehlo okunethiwethi ngokubhala kadokotela izibuko. Ngokwesibonelo, wabhala 5.2 diopters. Esikhathini workshop eseqedile workpiece ukuthatha 5 diopters, okuholela embonini, futhi kancane ugaye eyodwa ngaphezulu ukuze ungeze 0.2 diopters. Isimiso wukuthi for lens nomzimba omncane, lapho izindawo ezimbili kukhona eduze komunye nomunye, siyenzeka umthetho ukuthi amandla abo Imininingwane yinani lika dioptre ngamunye: D = D ₁ + D _2.

isibonakude kaGalileo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kaGalileo (ekuqaleni XVII ekhulwini), ukhomba eYurophu babe butholakale. Avame ekhiqizwa eNetherlands futhi isakazwe abathengisi emgwaqweni. UGalileo wezwa ukuthi othile e-Netherlands ubeke izinhlobo ezimbili lens ngamapayipi, ukuze izinto ezikude kubonakale emikhulu. Wasebenzisa lens Telephoto ebutha kwelinye ekupheleni tube, futhi emfushane-nokujikijela kusakazeka eyepiece at komunye umkhawulo womhlaba. Uma lens ubude ebalulekile elilingana f _o eyepiece f _e, ibanga elibahlukanisile kufanele kube f _o -F _e, futhi ibutho (kokukhulisa emincane) f _o / f _e. isikimu okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi uGalileo ipayipi.

Telescope has inyuka 5 noma 6 nesibaya, ifaniswe wesimanje omabonakude ngesandla. Lokhu kwanele eziningi ezivusa amadlingozi ababecabanga yezinkanyezi. Ungakwazi kalula ukubona asemigodini ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, izinyanga ezine Jupiter, emasongweni Saturn, izigaba Venus, mafu, futhi amaqoqo ezinkanyezi, ama kanye onezinkanyezi ezincane e-Milky Way.

Kepler isibonakude

Kepler bezwa ngakho konke lokhu (yayilingana uGalileo) futhi wakha elinye uhlobo isibonakude abanamalensi ezimbili lokuqoqa. Omunye lapho obuphelele enkulu ebalulekile, lens, futhi eyodwa lapho kunethemba elincane - the eyepiece. Ibanga phakathi kwazo kulingana f _o + f _e, kanye kokukhulisa emincane kuyinto f _o / f _e. Lokhu Keplerian (noma yezinkanyezi) isibonakude kudala isithombe okuhlanekezelwe, kodwa izinkanyezi noma inyanga akunandaba. Leli cebo uye wanikeza okuningi ngisho ukukhanya kwezindaba emkhakheni buka kuka kwesibonakude waseGalile, futhi kwaba kulula ukusebenzisa njengoba evumela ukuba ugcine amehlo akho esimweni fixed futhi uyibone iyonke emkhakheni ukubuka kusukela onqenqemeni kuya onqenqemeni. Idivayisi ivumela lokufinyelela ukwanda okungamaphesenti ephakeme kunaleyo uGalileo tube ngaphandle ukuwohloka sina.

Bobabili izibonakude uhlushwa wayephazamisekile eyindilinga, okuholela isithombe hhayi egxile ngokuphelele, futhi wayephazamisekile chromatique, okuyinto kudala umbala fringing. Kepler (Newton) wayekholelwa ukuthi lezi ukukhubazeka ayikwazi ukunqoba. Abazange ukulindela ukuthi kungaba izinhlobo lens achromatic, yemvelo ka okuyinto empeleni iyokwaziwa ngisho ukubonwa ngekhulu XIX.

sibonakalisa isibonakude

Gregory uphakamise lokho njengesithombe lens angasetshenziswa, isibonakude izibuko kungenzeka ngoba abanalo fringing umbala. Newton wathatha lo mbono futhi wadala isibonakude Newton ukuma kwesibuko ngilugweda zesiliva kanye eyepiece omuhle. Uzinikele isampuli ukuba yi-Royal Society, lapho isekhona kuze kube yilolu suku.

Single-lens isibonakude kungaba kuphrojekthi isithombe-slide noma ifilimu. Ukuze ukwanda efanele kudinga lens omuhle nge elide ebalulekile, uthi, 0.5 m, 1 m noma amamitha eziningi. Ilungiselelo elinjalo ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa izithombe yezinkanyezi. Abantu engayazi yokukhanya kungase kubonakale isimo nakuba lapho buthaka ukugxila eside lens kunikeza inyuka okukhulu.

sphere

Kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amasiko asendulo ayenamagama izibonakude, ngoba benza kancane glass ubuhlalu. Inkinga ukuthi asaziwa abazijwayele, futhi Yiqiniso, ayikwazanga yisisekelo isibonakude ezinhle. Amabhola ingasetshenziswa okwandisa izinto ezincane, kodwa izinga ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba eyanelisayo neze.

Ubude ebalulekile ekahle ingilazi sphere imfushane kakhulu futhi yakha isithombe real liseduze kakhulu emkhakheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, aberrations (ukuhlanekezela Jomethri) abalulekile. Inkinga iba ibanga phakathi evele ezimbili.

Nokho, uma wenza inkatho okujulile enkabazwe ukuvimba imisebe, okuyinto abangela ukukhubazeka isithombe, kuvela Okuqukethwe akuzwakali kakhulu ingilazi ibe okuhle. Lesi sinqumo kuthiwa wenziwa Coddington, a isikhulisi yegama lakhe angathengwa namuhla ngesikhathi magnifiers encane ngesandla ukufunda izinto ezincane kakhulu. Kodwa ubufakazi ukuthi lokhu kwakwenziwa phambi kwekhulu le-19, akukho.