Life kanye umsebenzi Goncharova. isebenza Goncharova

Ngokwemvelo yayo, Ivan Aleksandrovich kwakuhluke kakhulu iningi ongqondongqondo, ozalwa ngenkathi 60s, esebenzayo futhi sinamandla. Ukuphila kwakhe kwakuthakazelisa eziningi okungavamile ngokokuqala, sengathi lesi siyaluyalu yomphakathi, futhi ezihlukahlukene izinguquko 60s kwakungasebenzeki wathinta. Lokuhlushwa, ukungakhululeki, impulsivity nobuntu abalobi kule nkathi, Ivan Alexandrovich indawo steadiness, ukulinganisela, lula. Life kanye lokusungula Goncharova Kubekwa kafishane ezichazwe kulesi sihloko.

ithebula ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo zokuphila

eminyakeni yokuqala

ithebula Kwezikhathi Zawo Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich wavula 1812. Ngalowo nyaka, e Simbirsk, wazalwa. Ivan Aleksandrovich kwakungekaNkulunkulu abathengisi ukuthi ngenkathi nezazi kwaba ngaphandle ezingavamile, njengoba ngokuvamile ke umelwe ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Nokho, sizungezwe umbhali, kuncane yomthengisi uqobo, le ndlela yokuxhumana cishe akunamthelela yimuphi ngendlela akhuliswa ngayo nemfundo, noma ezungezile. Uyise ka-Ivan Alexandrovich, ushone ekuseni, wayenothile kakhulu, esangenza Goncharov ukulondoloza ku izindleko futhi siphile ocebile ngempela.

Simbirsk langaleso sikhathi laliwumfuziselo iqoqo ikakhulukazi sokhuni, izindlu ezindala kanye izakhiwo, kodwa labantu edolobheni wayengekho eziningi. Kule ndawo babe neminyaka yokuqala eyishumi yempilo umbhali. Ukwakheka lokuqala Ivan Goncharov, omsebenzi wakhe Biography futhi ezihambelana eduze, kwaba ngihlala izindlu zangasese ngaphandle komuzi, kanye nompristi wesonto lendawo, oqukethe esikoleni boarding izingane ezinabazali zasebukhosini. Lokhu indlu isivakashi Ivan Aleksandrovich wathola omncane wezincwadi nabathandwayo ukuchitha isikhathi ukufunda eqanjiwe abalobi Russian angaphandle.

Ukutadisha eMoscow

Ngo 1822, eneminyaka engu-iminyaka eyishumi, ukuqhubeka nezifundo zabo, wayiswa eMoscow isikhungo yesibili ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Ngakho ukuphila nomsebenzi sokuhambisa Goncharov ibe esigabeni esisha abaphilayo ozimele ngaphandle ukunakekelwa kwabazali. Wafika ekhaya kuphela ehlobo, bachitha lonke isikhathi eMoscow. Lapha Ivan Aleksandrovich, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngajwayelana imisebenzi abalobi isiFulentshi, futhi omunye Romanov Ezhena Sue ngisho zihunyushelwe Russian. Ingcaphuno le nguqulo yanyatheliswa ngo kukamagazini i- "Telescope" ngoba ngonyaka 1832.

Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili ukuqeqeshwa yadlula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngaphandle ngokuletha ngokuvamile, akukho izinzuzo ezikhethekile noma umonakalo ekhethekile.

inyuvesi

Ngo 1830, eminyakeni engu-18 ubudala, Goncharov kakade ulungiselela inyuvesi, kodwa ekuqaleni ikholera, futhi lalivaliwe, ngakho ukwenza ukuthi Ivanu Aleksandrovichu kwaba kuphela olandelayo, ngo-1831. Ngesikhathi ngoba wayekwazi kakade lokho izilimi eziningana: isiFulentshi, isiJalimane, isiNgisi Latin.

Impilo baseyunivesithi umsebenzi Goncharova, ukuyivakashela kancane okuyinto itholakala kulesi sihloko, ungenele esigabeni esisha. Uma elapho, wayeya emakilasini Kachenovsky, Shevyreva, Nadezhdin Pogodin, Davydov nabanye futhi kamuva wakhumbula kubo ukubonga. Goncharov khona umfundi okuyisibonelo. Waya cishe zonke izinkulumo ngenkuthalo zilotshelwe abafundisayo, ukwenza umsebenzi wakho wesikole. Ivan Aleksandrovich eschewed imibuthano. Le nyuvesi uma ngitadisha waseHerzen futhi Ogarev, kodwa akunjalo yimuphi omunye ebengalidluliselanga wahlangana, futhi wahlanganyela naleli Lermontov izilaleli kuphela.

ithebula Kwezikhathi Zawo Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich uyaqhubeka usuku olulandelayo, Juni 1834, lapho ngempumelelo lidlule uhlolo lokugcina washiya umfowabo ekhaya ukuze Simbirsk. Life kanye iyincwadi yomlobi abasha manje uqala ezweni lakubo.

ekhaya

Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich wabhala: "Mina elathunjwa njengoba umusi, ikhaya Ukumnaka." Kulesi "cute Oblomovka" labetibambile bondlekile, ukuphila okujabulisayo, izinsuku zalandelwa nezinsuku neminyaka, eminyakeni, kwakungekho ushintsho olubonakalayo. I Simbirsk yesifundazwe neze wazizwa umoya esintamo kombuso Nicholas sika. Goncharov unyaka wonke uhlezi nje, ungenzi lutho ngokukhethekile. Amabhola nemicimbi yokuzijabulisa balandela omunye komunye. Lapho ngezinye izikhathi le nsizwa wacabanga ngekusasa, kwakubonakala kuye njengoba inkonzo, kodwa konke lokhu kwakubonakala namanje kude kakhulu, futhi kuphela uma ndaba yashesha, okungukuthi ngobungane waqala Goncharov (Biography futhi lokusungula zeminyaka umbhali kuchaziwe ngezansi) nge umbusi Uglich, wammema ukuba abe umabhalane ehhovisi lakhe.

Kusukela manje kuqhubeke Ivan Alexandrovich waqala evamile isimiso bureaucratic, okuyindawo ayengemaningi mnandi kakhulu, kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo futhi izinkumbulo mayelana ukufumbathisa nezinye izinto ezimbi izikhulu. Photo Goncharova abekwe ngezansi.

Petersburg. Umsebenzi wokuqala etemibhalo

Izigaba zokuphila kanye nomsebenzi uyaqhubeka Goncharova Petersburg isikhathi. On ekubalahleni kothile ngo-1835 Uglich wabizwa kusukela Simbirsk lwakubo waya Petersburg, futhi naye wahamba Ivan Aleksandrovich. Lapha yena wajoyina i-Ministry of Finance ngenkonzo, kusho uMnyango namanye amazwe, okokuqala njengoba umhumushi bese umabhalane ikhanda. bushelelezi, isimilo saKhe ethule kwakuhambelana nokuka le sevisi, futhi kukalwa umoya kwabefundisi akuyona baxinwe Ivan Alexandrovich.

Ngo ngemva kokufika kwakhe e Petersburg ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula eminyakeni yokuqala wahumushela Schiller, Winckelmann, Goethe, kanye bezincwadi eziqanjiwe English-pisataley. Nokho, umsebenzi wakhe siqu phakathi nalesi sikhathi Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich angikaze ngicabange ngakho. Kuphela forties ekuseni uvele imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ezimele. Ngezansi isithombe Goncharov.

"Indaba Ordinary"

Ngo-1847, emakhasini "Contemporary" eshicilelwe noveli yokuqala umbhali abasha, "Indaba Ordinary". Ngalesi sikhathi umlobi kwakungomunye kakade engu-35 ubudala, impilo kanye nomsebenzi we Goncharova Ufake isigaba lokuvuthwa.

Kwaba indaba ukuphoxeka, ngokuwa amathemba abafundi abasha of Oblomovok ezahlukene ezazibuthana enhlokodolobha nge isikhumbuzo kusuka umama wakulowo inhliziyo kanye nomqulu omncane we Schiller ephaketheni lakhe, ezihlekisayo, etotoswayo, bondlekile. ngokushesha Petersburg wabakhulula bonke kohliso reverie, wabhubhisa bonke ithemba, ngakho lolu daba kungase kubizwe kanye "Usizi olwehlela wonke umuntu."

Esikhathini inoveli, kusobala ukuthi wayenomuzwa isici oluchaza. Njengoba avuma ngumlobi yena, lo msebenzi kubonakala nakho kwakhe, isikhathi lapho eneminyaka engu-umphuphi romance yaphenduka olusemthethweni abandayo kanye businesslike. Ivan Goncharov, ogama biography esinikezwa ukunakwa kwakho, uye ayedlule ukuguqulwa elifana ukuthi azizwa protagonist.

Alexander Aduev, romantic Ungadliwa esifundazweni, i Admirer of Schiller, ukuzivala amehlo wakhe zokukholelwa ubungani okuphakade nothando, ukuza inhlokodolobha, Petersburg forties, isuka ekunakekelweni unina devotedly ngothando. USawulu uwa othandweni, kodwa uthando ekhashelwa ngaye, ushintsho kanye nobungane. Kusukela u-Alexander uphelelwa yithemba. Wabuyela sifundazwe, uyazikhohlwa ngazo zonke izifiso zawo nemibono futhi iphela ukuphila kwakhe nge umakoti ocebile, paunch abahloniphekile ngihola kahle.

"Indaba Ordinary" yashintsha kathathu, umlobi wayo ekudalweni wachitha iminyaka engaba ngu 5-6 ngaphambi msebenzi wakhe wanyatheliswa. It ngokushesha amehlo, futhi Goncharov beqashelwa njengendlela umlobi. Mina basabela kulesi inoveli odumile umhlaziyi uyiqili Belinsky, amamukela umbhali omusha abanamakhono futhi wabikezela impumelelo yakhe.

Ngo-1846, u-Ivan Aleksandrovich mathupha Belinsky, kodwa hhayi ukuvala kuye noma kwamanye amalungu kumbuthano etemibhalo hhayi zihlangana. Khona-ke lo mug kwakungekaNkulunkulu Nekrasov, Pan, Turgenev, Botkin, Granovsky, waseHerzen nabanye.

"Ama-frigate bird" Pallada "

Ngo 1852, u-Ivan Aleksandrovich isikhundla Admiral uNobhala Putiatina waqhubeka uhambo ukuze izimpahla Russian e Melika. Injongo ukuvakasha kwaba ukuhlela isivumelwano ukuhweba nge Japan, ezweni ayengaphansi ngesikhathi cishe elingaziwa ukuze baseYurophu. umbhali Izikhangibavakashi wanikezwa isikhathi kanzima, ikakhulukazi ezinyangeni zokuqala ezimbalwa Ukuqondiswa kwemikhumbi, - yena ngensimbi ukuhlaselwa neuralgia ikhanda, futhi gumbi ngokuvamile ezibandayo. Kuphela kancane kancane, ekufikeni kwakhe e-England, Ivanu Aleksandrovichu wakwazi ukujwayela impilo yasolwandle nge ewa yayo, abandayo kanye yenkungu bazizwa besekhaya. Ngaphezu izitatimende ezisemthethweni kanye nemibiko, wabhalela, eyanyatheliswa ngo "iqoqo Sea", okuyinto exoxa ngayekubonile. Kamuva, lezi zincwadi weza incazelo ngomkhumbi ngokuthi "frigate" Pallada ", eshicilelwe imiqulu emibili.

Lo msebenzi uye waphawula njengoba omunye the best in the izincwadi Russian imisebenzi achazayo. Wayekwazi ukufunda kokubili abadala kanye nezingane, efundile futhi ungafundile uyangabaza. Incwadi echaza ubunjalo emazweni ahlukahlukene exotic ukuhanjelwa yileli umkhumbi, eqhathanisa abezinye izizwe nezindinganiso zokuziphatha nabantu ezweni lenkaba yakhe, kukhona iziqephu ezihlekisayo. Yena uncome ubuhle bemvelo bendawo, kodwa namanje nice nenhliziyo yakhe babe namathafa aluncela, futhi lokho Goncharov, ogama izincwadi ukukhuluma ngoba umbhali yena, ngikhumbula ngothando.

IA Goncharov, "Oblomov"

Inoveli Goncharova baqhubeka "Oblomov". Umqondo beza kuye umbhali emuva forties. Futhi-prototype ye Ili Ilicha aphethwe kakhulu ke ngesikhathi umsebenzi ngenhla. Thatha isibonelo esahlukweni sokuqala encwadini yokuqala "frigate" Pallada ". It okuphikisana umatasa, umatasa, washesha eyiNgisi umnumzana isiRashiya, onokuthula ezivilaphayo. Life Incazelo umnumzana kufana kakhulu nencazelo Oblomov.

"Oblomov" - kuba esigabeni esisha, okuyinto wangena ekuphileni futhi umsebenzi Goncharova. ITHEBULA yomlando wakhe futhi lokusungula ayiphelele ngaphandle Ukhulumé 1857. Kulo nyaka ngesikhathi iholide emanzini lo msebenzi ukwengeza e Kissingen, wakhulelwa emuva forties.

Life kanye lokusungula Goncharova ukukhululwa le noveli ivula esigabeni esisha. Ngokushesha ngemva kokukhishwa kwe umsebenzi yaba newozawoza, ke kukhulunywa ngalo futhi baba nezimpikiswano wonke amakamu. Ababili the baxgeki engcono - Dobrolyubov futhi Pisarev - elinikezelwe "Oblomov" ezigxeka yakhe behlakaniphile. Article Dobrolyubova "Yini Oblomovism?" Oblomov wagqoka par heroes edume kakhulu isikhathi - Pechorin, Onegin, Beltov, Rudin. "Oblomovka babe ezweni lakithi oqondile" - wabhala Dob, okuyinto akhiwa isihloko zonke nezazi Russian uhlobo Oblomov. Ukuze Nicholas Alexandrovich Oblomovism - Ngokuyinhloko umsungulo, ubuvila lordly ikhuthazwe yimithombo enezisebenzi eziningi. Yiqiniso, Dob hhayi wazwakalisa uzwela kancane ngoba noma umlingiswa oyinhloko noma Oblomovism bebonke.

Pisarev esihlokweni sakhe, ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa izici ezingokwengqondo, siphawula ngomphumela odabukisayo wokuphelelwa nokunganaki engqondo, kubangelwa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Sam Goncharov kuqashelwe ukuthi Article Pisarev - the best of konke okuye kwabhalwa mayelana inoveli yakhe, njengoba kuchazwe yinkimbinkimbi lokhu ezibonakala aphansi Oblomovka hlobo. Phela, iqhawe, kuvela, kwaba umuntu ogulayo, sengathi Goncharov wathi. Oblomov musa nje ufuna ukusebenza, kanye nomshikashika uyesaba ngoba kumnika ukuhlushwa. Nokho ngezinye izikhathi uyakwazi abakhuthele, nakuba ngaphansi kwethonya angaphandle. Olga ephethwe ntombazane ukuba umsebenzi, imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.

Hero ngokoqobo throbs kulo lonke imisebenzi Goncharova, ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, yakamuva wonke amakhasi alo. Wesaba zonke: umswakama, ukunyakaza, ngokusebenzisa umoya, uthando, ukuhlonipha, amazwi elikhulu. Futhi lokhu kwesaba - uphawu nobuntu yoma ngentando, uyagula ekhanda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Oblomov uhlale phakathi bahlukene ezimbili: wakhulela e elidala isitayela isiRashiya, nomkhathi, ejwayele yokungenzi okunethezeka ukuhlangabezana kwaneliswa nezifiso zabo. Wachitha esengumntwana ngaphansi okungapheli, ngokugadwa okungenangqondo izihlobo, ezifana evilaphayo izimpambosi enjengoba enjalo.

It igeziwe futhi etotoswayo, ukuzama ukucindezela amaza yomsebenzi futhi buhle ngokwemvelo esemncane, kanye ilukuluku nentshisakalo lutho nakancane. Izithelo imfundo enjalo zaziwa - ubuvila, bamukela ifomu yayo extreme, kanye nokwesaba yiziphi izinguquko futhi izimfuno.

Lesi sifo, ngokuvumelana Goncharov, busekelwe wonke wokuphila Russian kanye nomlando. Ngalo mqondo, Oblomov kwaba samuntu ahlukile Russian zangaphambi kabusha isikhathi kweqiniso. Nokho, sithi ngemva ukuqedwa serfdom, isimo sesishintshile kakhulu kangaka? Sengifile Ilya Ilyich?

Cha, ongafi. Yingakho le noveli manje, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, uhlala efanele.

"Oblomov", kuqondwe njengelakhiwe noveli ukwambulwa satirising gentility futhi ubuvila isiRashiya, kwaba umtapo yimpumelelo enkulu. Goncharova ngisho uma kuqhathaniswa ne Gogol.

Ukubuyela kusuka uhambo lokuzungeza umhlaba, Ivan Aleksandrovich wabuyela zokukhonza kwakhe umphakathi, abasebenza emnyangweni ofanayo namanye amazwe e-post-imenenja. Kodwa maduze nje, e 1858, lapho ngasebenza kwabosizo lokuqala umnyango ukucwaninga Ministry of Education. Ngo-1862 waba umhleli walunguza ke "North Mail", iphephabhuku olusemthethweni. Goncharov wakhonza ngokwethembeka okuhle futhi uye baphumelele eside enkonzweni: lwaso lwaphakanyiswa izikhathi eziningana ehhovisi - kusukela kumhloli wezincwadi control ilungu esemqoka ye Cindezela.

IA Goncharov inoveli "I Precipice"

Inoveli Goncharova ukushicilelwa "Oblomov" akugcini lapho. Ngo-1868 umagazini "Isimemezelo Europe" kwavela elilandelayo ngemuva "Oblomov" inoveli yakhe - "Vula". It wayezelwe cishe ngasikhathi sinye nge "Oblomov", kodwa ukubhala lokhu ucezu Goncharov kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20! Phakathi nale minyaka, kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo sonke isizukulwane, lonke inkathi. isikhathi Dark wokubusa Nicholas mina, Russia iyiswe imvuselelo kanye nokuvuselela. Kodwa ngibheka Goncharova wayesalokhu ufuna esidlule, kusukela lapho esikhipha izithombe zakhe nezinhlamvu. Ukugxekwa awawazisanga le noveli, mhlawumbe lokhu kwaba nesandla ukungaqiniseki isikhathi lapho evela. Kule nkathi wavalwa omagazini "Contemporary" futhi "izwi Russian", nokugxeka ilahlekelwe nabameleli bayo engcono, kuhlanganise Pisarev. "Amanothi we lawobaba" uye okwamanje ukuthola izinyawo zaso. Ngo-journalism yayibuswa ukudideka ezingqondweni kanye nesimo sengcondvo lesibi. Kungazelelwe, kulezi zikhathi ezigcwele izinkathazo okuzelwe umsebenzi benamandla abanombono ezithile ngokuphila, futhi kungashiwo ukubheka ukuthi ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo ... Goncharov ibona zonke ubudala enamandla, enempilo futhi okuhle, uthemba ukuvumelanisa endala nge entsha. Yiqiniso, kuyilapho sikhundla wayengeke abe abasekeli.

Ake sithi amagama ambalwa mayelana izibalo ezimbili emaphakathi noveli - Edene nogogo wakhe. IPharadesi belwa ubudala oda, isisa, kodwa ubuthongo embhedeni ukhululekile, futhi akaphiki ngokwakho lutho, ngisho Egorka akuvumelayo ukuba off amabhuzu akhe. Uhlala namanje ngenkathi serfdom, futhi ilwisane kuphela ngamazwi kuphela, akusekelwe icala: umane weluleka ugogo wakhe isethi akhulule serfs, kodwa kulokhu akafuni ukuba angenele, yize ke ongowakhe. Lokhu kokungabaza kuyinto ngempela ejwayelekile, sici for emphakathini wonke Russian ngesikhathi esinzima, njengoba phi kathi zesikhashana.

Ugogo lungaphezu amatasa umzukulu wakhe. It ukhuluma ulimi lwabo okhokho, amazwi, izaga, tikuhlakanipha. Ngalesi ngokuhlakanipha akusebenzi yena ibhekwa angaqondakali ezingaphezu kuka ePharadesi. It yayingumngane oseduze, kanzima, owesifazane imperious, akanalo uthando ukunikeza, nakuba enhliziyweni nokuqonda ngokuvamile ukuthi amalungelo ePharadesi. Nokho, naphezu ithemba layo futhi inkolelo yokuthi baqinisile, kusenzima kungekho ukwenqaba ebucayi entsha. Vele, kuba impela ubudala futhi ukwesaba entsha, kodwa zingaphansi kwakhe njengoba kudingeka.

Ngakho lonke inoveli isifika le timu: umzabalazo zibuye ziphelelwe isikhathi nge entsha. Goncharov aliphumi eyovikela yimiphi amaqembu, ke sifuna kuphela nokubuyisana kwabo futhi inyunyana.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ivan Aleksandrovich Yiqiniso, wacasuka, akuthatha njengesinqumo inoveli. Ngesikhathi eneminyaka engu-cishe 60 ubudala, futhi ngemva bekukukhulu ukunqoba etemibhalo. Ngemva kokudedelwa "Precipice" Goncharov kakhulu azivamile ukuboniswa emphakathini futhi kancane kulotshiwe. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe yakamuva zihlanganisa "Literary Kusihlwa", "zillion ukuhlushwa", "Amanothi ukuthi ungubani Belinsky," "Kungcono ngasekupheleni kuka neze", "Izinceku", "Izinkumbulo".

Ukwehluleka ingane ozithandayo, ukugula elibangise ukuguga bamhole bamyise a ucindezelekile futhi ukulangazelela. Ngo-1873, izinga jikelele, Goncharov umhlala neze sikhuthazele engaphezu kwamashumi amane yesevisi okungenani eyodwa enhle. Nokho, ngemva kwalokho-ke wayemiselwe ukuba Ivanu Aleksandrovichu wahlala iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-20. Abangane wayeshiye ukusondelana kakhulu, yena akuvamile ngavakashelwa bazokhuluma ngandlela-thile madolo-nzima. Eminyakeni yamuva, Ivan Alexandrovich bahlushwa izinkinga zempilo futhi Goncharov wabulawa i-pneumonia ku 15 Septhemba ngonyaka 1891.