Kuyini izincwadi? Incazelo. Izinhlobo ezinkulu futhi izinhlobo

Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngalokho izincwadi, iziphi izici zako ezisemqoka, izitayela tetemibhalo.

Inchazelo

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi yini ezilungele izincwadi. Ngomqondo obanzi, kuba - isethi zonke imibhalo kunazo zonke ezake zabhalwa ngumuntu. Kodwa iningi izincwadi libhekisela yokuciko, umsebenzi kabani main - ukubhala imisebenzi yobuciko. Nokho, lokhu lincane kakhulu kuvisisa eside. Imibhalo lesibonwa, ezesayensi, zefilosofi, zenkolo. Abantu besikhathi Bafunde zikaHomer, isibonelo, injabulo efanayo ukufunda ukuze "Aeneid" Virgil kanye indatshana "On the Umhlobo Izinto," Lucretius. Kodwa abagxeki eminyakeni 1820, waqaphela ezinhle kunazo nephrozi Russian "inkolelo-mbono Experience intela" N. Turgenev futhi "Umlando we State Russian" Karamzin. Zombili lezi imisebenzi ngomqondo wesimanje ukuba ematheksthi etemibhalo azisebenzi, kodwa akuvimbeli kubo kusukela ekubeni yobuciko.

Umqondo "Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi" anezakhi eziningana ukuthi eminyakeni zihlala zinjalo.

ubunikazi

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi kubhekwe imibhalo yokuqala kuphela. Zingaba engaziwa (ezidalwe umbhali akaziwa) kanye collective (ebhalwe neqembu elithile abantu). Leli phuzu kubalulekile ngoba ukuba khona umbhali ihlinzeka ekupheleni umbhalo. Man esechithile futhi ngaleyo ndlela ichaza imingcele imisebenzi wadala, okuyinto sasiyowulalela uhlala wedwa. Uma kungenjalo, lokhu kwenzeka, isibonelo, ne imibhalo temdzabu. Noma ubani angakwazi wengeze okuthile ngedwa, ukwenza izinguquko, bhala imininingwane. Futhi akekho wafaka ucezu isignesha yaleli zwe. Kuyini izincwadi? Lo mbhalo ingeye-umlobi.

Ematheksthini alotshiwe iphimbo

ematheksthi labhaliwe kuphela libhekisela izincwadi. ngomlomo kulolu hlobo lobuciko asihlobene. Temdzabu unikele njalo phansi ngomlomo, ke ingalungiswa ephepheni, kodwa lokho kumane nje inguqulo umbhalo yombhali nonliterary. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho kule umthetho, okubizwa ngokuthi izimo eziguqukayo. Zikhona e amasiko kazwelonke ezizwe, ubani nge obhekwe lokubhala isesekhona abalandisi umsebenzi wabo wadala ngesimo komlomo, okubhalwa phansi ngokushesha asitholayo nenkanuko edlulele. imibhalo okunjalo abhekwa etemibhalo. Ngakho, sifika liqonde ukuthi yini izincwadi. Kuyinto itheksthi lebhaliwe adalwe umbhali ethize.

ukusetshenziswa kwamagama

Kubhekwe ematheksthi etemibhalo zidalwe usebenzisa amazwi ulimi lwabantu. Lezi amathekisthi aqondene nokuthile syncretic and zokwenziwa, lapho ingxenye ngamazwi ayikwazi uhlukane ezibukwayo, zomculo noma enye. Opera noma ingoma - hhayi ingxenye izincwadi. Nokho, ngokuvamile kuba esikhathini sethu, ukuze umculo amagama umsebenzi wadala by the author efanayo. Indlela evumelekile uthathwa njengomgcini izincwadi, ezifana izinkondlo Vysotsky ukuba ngumnikazi iculo - kanzima ukusho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inganekwane "The Little Prince" Saint Exupery Futhi kunzima igama kuphela umsebenzi wokubhala ngenxa yokuthi indima ebalulekile ke idlalwe ngumlobi ukufanekisa umbhalo.

Inani nomphakathi

Ukuze ekugcineni bayavisisa ukuthi lezi zincwadi, kufanele sicabangele esinye nenqubomgomo. Akasenalo kungokwalabo nokwakheka kolimi lombhalo, kodwa umsebenzi walo. Izincwadi eziningi abhekwa amarekhodi anencazelo kwezenhlalo, okungukuthi, ama-eseyi esikoleni, Diaries siqu, izincwadi ezisemthethweni ezihlobene izincwadi kanti akunjalo. Lo mthetho has okuhlukile. Uma izinhlamvu noma Diaries eyalotshwa umlobi we abalulekile (abalobi, ososayensi, izazi zezombangazwe, kanye nabanye.) Futhi ukukhanya alithulula komsebenzi wakhe wokudala, bese ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bona ukuthola isimo umsebenzi wokubhala. Ngokwesibonelo, Sergeya esenina ibhulogi Sekuyisikhathi eside komphakathi unyatheliswa kanye eminye imisebenzi imbongi.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi kuyinto kwezobuciko, obubhalwe, memoir, inkomba ezesayensi noma ethandwa zesayensi kanye ezemfundo, ezobuchwepheshe kanye. Fiction, ngokungafani abanye zezinto eziphilayo yayo, has a evelele orientation yobuhle. Ngu kumbhali eqanjiwe efuna ukudlulisela umfundi iziphetho zakhe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nje ukubungaza kuye.

Ngisho nasendulo, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle lasendulo ngo "Poetics" yakhe ihlukaniswe yonke imikhiqizo ku ezintathu izinhlobo: idrama, lyric futhi engakaze ibonwe. Ezincwadini European kamuva ewela izinhlobo eziningi: inoveli, Elegy, ukubhinqa, ODE, inkondlo, ephela ngobuhlungu, ehlekisayo. Drama ubonakele ukubonwa ngekhulu XVIII. ukuthuthukiswa Uhlobo kwezincwadi ayilokothi iyeke. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, sifunda umphenyi izindaba, yesayensi, okuvusa usinga, isenzo, "ezethusayo" nezinye izincwadi ezithakazelisayo. Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi namuhla ubabonisa hhayi kuphela ephepheni, kodwa nangemizamo ikhompyutha amafayela tagezi.

izincwadi Russian

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngokuba ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe yeRussia. Embusweni lapho umphakathi ukukhanyiselwa akakwazanga ukuveza imibono yabo nemicabango, leli fomu art isibe uhlobo zokuphepha valve. Ngokwesibonelo, ngekhulu le-XIX isiRashiya nezincwadi baphoqeleka ukuba uhlamvu lesibonwa. Abalobi efundwa kakhulu kunazo zonke babe abenzi mafilimu documentary futhi izintatheli. Zomsoli V G. Belinsky, ngaphandle kokubhala empilweni yami iyiphi inoveli, indzaba noma play, isibe nomlobi odumile efundekayo kakhulu.

Lapho nje amandla aphelele we umholi noma nkosi eRussia ngandlela-thile has elinganiselwe, izwe kwathiwa 'ukuphela kakhulu izincwadi "(VV Rozanov). Ngakho kwaba ngo-1910, lapho Russia uqala ukuvela ohlanga ePhalamende, like lizwe wazibonela ngo-1990, ngemva kokuwa wase-USSR.

izincwadi Russian classical - omunye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi efundwa kakhulu emhlabeni. UTolstoy, Nikolai Gogol, Pushkin, F. Dostoevsky - amakhosi wavuma yokukhuluma wobuciko.