Lignin - kuyini? hydrolysis Lignin. Isicelo hydrolytic lignin izakhiwo

Lignin - kuyini? Akuwona wonke umuntu uzokwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo, kodwa sizozama ukuqonda. Lignin - ikhemikhali siyingxenye ye ngokuphelele zonke izitshalo Emhlabeni. Futhi-ke futhi kufanele kushiwo njengoba izingxenye eziwusizo ezifana neze-cellulose kanti hemicellulose.

Injongo eyinhloko lignin - wukuqinisekisa ubuqotho izindonga isitsha, okuyinto ukuthutha amanzi nezakhi yahlakazeka. Lignin kanye cellulose babonke izindonga esitokisini, ukwandisa amandla abo. Akubona bonke izitshalo sinesikhathi esilinganayo we kwakwakhe. Iningi butholakala AmaConifers, cishe 40%, kodwa lezihlahla - 25% kuphela.

I izakhiwo lignin

Lokhu kwaziswa kuyinto polymer yemvelo ophuzi amnyama. Kuyinto cishe zingaxazululeki emanzini futhi ezihogelwayo. Lignin - kuyini nge isakhiwo umbono? A impendulo ecacile yalo mbuzo ngeke isebenze, ngoba, lokuba yilungu leqembu lezinhloli ezitshalweni nasezihlahleni ezihlukahlukene, izidakamizwa kungenzeka kakhulu ezahlukene isakhiwo.

Lapho kwakhiwa yokubola lignin is izakhi humus ocebile, okuyinto linendima ebalulekile emvelweni. Ukucubungula lignin imvelo bekulokhu ibutho lama-bacterium, isikhunta futhi ezinye izinambuzane.

Inzuzo enkulu le nto ukuthi akudingekile ukukhiqiza noma ukuthola. Yebo, cishe akunakwenzeka, lignin is ngakho ngokuqinile elihlobene ne amaseli isitshalo, ukuthi zobuNaziri bakhe yokufakelwa kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi.

I lignin, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma owenziwa kuze kube manje, akekho omunye ngaphandle udoti njengoba abajwayelekile uginindela ukucubungula. Sekucala enkulu elahlekile, kodwa kwandisa reactivity.

Izindlela ukuzihlalela lignin

Inqubo yokukhipha leso sidakamizwa ugodo Kwenziwa letehlukene:

• Ukutadisha izakhiwo ndaba;
• yokunquma inani lignin e ezitshalweni nasezihlahleni ezihlukahlukene.

Izindlela isizinda ejenti akhethiwe kuye ngenjongo yokusetshenziswa kwawo. Uma umsebenzi okuqhubekayo ukufunda, izindlela engayodwa ibe okungenani umthelela kungenzeka ku isakhiwo kanye nekhwalithi lignin. Nakuba kukhona cishe akukho izindlela yokuthi ngabe isiqinisekiso ukuthola ketshezi zinjalo.

Ngemva ukwehlukana lignin iqukethe ukungcola eziningana:

• extractives ku hydrolysis ukunikeza compounds zingaxazululeki;
• imikhiqizo humification ushukela;
• ingxube trudnogidrolizuemyh ka polysaccharides.

Umkhawulo izimo ezifanele inyumbazana ngenxa lignin yilezo imali ngaphansi okuyinto enkulu lomcebo. Kulokhu, lo lignin etholwe cishe khulula of ukungcola, futhi eqaphela ngokulahlekelwa kwakhe encane.

Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu ubhekwa sulfuric acid, kodwa solyanokislotny esetshenziswa ingasaphathwa njalo ngenxa ngokuphazamisa ukusebenza kanzulu acid.

izinhlobonhlobo lignin

Umthombo oyinhloko lignin kukhiqizwe yezimboni cellulose. Ngo izitshalo ezahlukene kulesi siqondiso ingasetshenziswa ubuchwephese obehlukahlukene ukukhiqizwa futhi ngenxa yalokho lignin etholwe ngaleyo ndlela, it has izinga ukungalingani kanye nokusungulwa.

Ngo inqubo ukukhiqizwa noma alikhali sulfate lignin sulphates etholwe ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa acid - sulfite.

Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo nomunye, hhayi kuphela ukwakheka kodwa futhi indlela yalokho kulahla. lignin sulphate is incinerated, futhi sulphite ethunyelwe isitoreji isitoreji ezindaweni ezikhethekile.

On hydrolysis amabhizinisi kuthiwa lignin hydrolysis.

Izakhiwo lignin hydrolytic

Le into powdery nge kwabantu of 1.45 g / cm³. umbala wayo kuhluka beige ukukhanya shades ezahlukene ensundu. Okuqukethwe lignin e izinto ezinjalo zingaba phakathi 40 kuya ku-80%.

lignin Hydrolytic anezakhi ezinobuthi futhi umthamo ephezulu adsorption, lokhu kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa kwaso kwezokwelapha.

Uma fafaza into uma omisiwe iba fuel, kungaba khona nengozi yokuqhuma. lignin Dry ngesikhathi omlilo likhipha esiningi ukushisa kwanele. ukuthungela lokushisa salo 195 degrees kanye kwamazinyo iqala ezingeni lokushisa 185 ° C.

Ukukhiqizwa lignin amalungiselelo

Lignin ngokhuni isehlane ukuze athole bese imithi yakhe ngoba ezihlukahlukene izifundo. Cabanga lignin yokutakula esiteji:

• ocanda izinkuni chips esimweni, futhi kwezinye izimo, ufulawa;
• ekwelapheni ingxube utshwala toluene ukuba balahle extractives;
• ukusetshenziswa catalysts acid, okuyinto ukuvimbela ukudlula lignin esimweni encibilikayo.

Ngo senqubo yokukhiqiza, ezinye izinhlobo encibilikayo zezakhi, okuyinto ukugqashuka, wahlanza yomiswa, lapho powder.

Isicelo lignin hydrolytic

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izidakamizwa kunzima ngempela ukuze bavuselele ngenxa kwesimo sayo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kokuntengantenga kwezomnotho, kungenzeka uhlu emikhakheni ehlukene lapho lignin isetshenziswa. Isicelo efana has ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

• ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela briquettes;
• njengoba uphethiloli okokubilisa;
• ukukhiqizwa ekunciphiseni agents for izinsimbi ezithile ne-silicon,
• yamathebhu ku amapulasitiki umkhakha;
• Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela negesi;
• akhiqize kukamanyolo;
• ukukhiqizwa yokubulala ukhula;
• njengoba impahla eluhlaza for ukukhiqizwa phenol, acetic acid;
• ukukhiqizwa kwe-carbon isebenze;
• njengoba sorbent ekwelapheni effluents zasemadolobheni kanye zezimboni;
• ukukhiqizwa nemithi;
• ukukhiqizwa izitini kanye nemikhiqizo Ceramic.

Izizathu ukwanda ukufunwa lignin

hydrolysis Lignin kuyinto fuel kakhulu lapho, phezu amandla omlilo, ukhiqiza semali amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impahla eluhlaza ukwenziwa le nsiza amandla ngempela kufinyeleleke futhi ivuselelwe.

Akukhona nje ezweni lethu kodwa emhlabeni wonke njengamanje udaba ngezihloko ezihlukene ehlukile imithombo energy. Ukuze wenze lokhu, zikhona izizathu eziningi, phakathi esingakwazi uhlu okulandelayo:

1. Yemvelo amandla abathwali - amalahle, uwoyela negesi ukufunwa ukukhiqizwa yayo usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene izindleko. Lokhu ngeke kodwa kuthinte njalo okwandisa value abo.
2. Amandla imithombo okwamanje lisetshenziswa, kukhona ingxenye enkulu yemithombo yemvelo exhaustible, ngakho kuyoba khona isikhathi lapho izimpahla cishe ziphele.
3. Ukukhiqizwa imithombo yamandla zishukunyiswa isimo emazweni amaningi.

Lignin uphethiloli

Kusukela namuhla, abaningi ngokuvamile njengenhlangano uphethiloli okunye esetshenziswa lignin. Kuyini futhi bheka kanjani like?

Ingqikithi kuyinto sawdust nge okuqukethwe umswakama kufika ku-70%, okuyinto ziyahlukahluka ukubunjwa kuncike impahla eluhlaza. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama kakhulu efana namalahle, okuyinto Ubuye inombolo enkulu ikhule ezimbotsheni amancane. I izakhiwo le nto ukuvumela ukuba adalule briquetting yayo futhi pelletizing. Uma umsebenzi ephezulu ingcindezi ikhekhe ezinjalo, iphenduka ibe viscous plastic mass.

I zithutha wenza kusukela lignin enjalo, kufanele okusezingeni eliphezulu ukushabalalisa ukushisa, kodwa asisho ukukhiqiza intuthu kakhulu. Okokhelekayo briquettes kanye zithutha kukhona eliphezulu impahla, elivutha eziningi ukushisa, futhi cishe akukho umule. It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi lignin kuyinto enhle kakhulu impahla eluhlaza for the ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela briquettes.

Ukusetshenziswa lignin in ifomu powder

Ingqikithi esimweni powder uthola ukusetshenziswa kwalo njengenhlangano okufakiwe ekukhiqizeni asphalt ukhonkolo. Ukusetshenziswa lignin hydrolyzed ikuvumela:

• ukwandisa amandla, ukumelana namanzi kanye ukumelana ngokuhlaziya;
• londoloza umgwaqo-zokwakha;
• ukwenza ngcono isimo emvelweni ezindaweni lapho imfucuza lilondolozwe;
• ukubuyisela ukuvundisa amazwe, ezisetshenziswa ngaphansi izindwani.

Emkhakheni umgwaqo ngokwanele inzuzo ukusebenzisa lignin. Amandla ayo abanjalo ukuthi ikuvumela kakhulu ukuthuthukisa izinga ngeziningi zezinto zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lignin kunikeza ithuba esikhundleni izithasiselo ebizayo.

lignin nemikhiqizo

Izisetshenziswa ezilethwayo efana kukhona lignosulfonates, okuyinto akhiwa sulfite indlela ukhuni ukucubungula. Lignosulfonates unomsebenzi ophakeme, kubenze bakwazi ukuthola isicelo sabo kulezo zimboni:

• embonini kawoyela (izakhiwo olungisiwe imishini muds) ;
• Foundry (esebenza njengendlela yokuhlanganisa ku Izingxube);
• ukukhiqizwa aphathekako;
• embonini yezokwakha (njengoba emulsifiers ku emulsions komgwaqo);
• impahla eluhlaza for ukulungiswa vanillin;
• ezolimo (tillage ukuvimbela ukuguguleka).

lignin sulphate has a high density, futhi amakhemikhali ukumelana. In the state ezomile - powder nsundu lapho ancibilikisa ku-ammonia, alikhali, ethylene glycol, dioxins.

I lignin sulphate akuyona anobuthi, hhayi eyingozi futhi afafazwe kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa komlilo ingozi. Isetshenziselwa:

• njengoba plasticizer enkulu ekwakhekeni izihloko ngobumba, aphathekako;
• njengoba impahla eluhlaza ukwenziwa epulasitikini futhi phenol-formaldehyde inhlaka;
• njengoba isixhumanisi womshini paperboard, iphepha nezinto zokwakha izinkuni-based;
• njengenhlangano okufakiwe enkulu ekwakhekeni ngerabha futhi latex.

It manje kuyacaca ukuthi kusetshenziswa kakhulu lignin. Kuyini manje akekho akakubangeli izinkinga, njengoba ngenxa nezimfanelo zayo yalolu ketshezi kuyinto kakhulu ziphoqa ezweni lanamuhla.

Imithi esekelwe lignin

Njengoba sesibonile, ukusetshenziswa lignin hydrolyzed futhi mhlawumbe emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Ungakwazi uhlu izidakamizwa ezilandelayo kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo:

• "Lignosorb" kuboniswa ngenxa yezifo pheshana emathunjini, ukudla okunobuthi;
• "Polifan" has izincomo efanayo mayelana nesicelo;
• "Polyphepan" kuletha impumuzo sohudo dysbacteriosis;
• "Filtrum--STI";
• "Entegnin".

Ukusetshenziswa "Polyphepan"

Enye igama laleli ukulungiselela - lignin hydrolysis. It ikhiqizwa ngesimo granules, ukumiswa, izimpushana, kanye amaphilisi. izidakamizwa engamakhambi, kusekelwe lignin. Imiyalelo isicelo uthi izidakamizwa kahle uyakwazi nezilwanyana ezincane ngibopha futhi imikhiqizo yabo umzimba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi isenzo zomuthi detoxified ezinobuthi bemvelo ezahlukene: izinsimbi ezisindayo, isotopes enemisebe, ammonia. Lignin ithwala ngokukhishwa kobuthi egazini hydrolytic zisifake, kanye nokunikeza antioxidant futhi umphumela lipid-ukwehlisa.

Nasi uhla olude lwempumelelo is lignin! Ukufundiswa uphakamisa ukuthi kokuthatha lesi izidakamizwa, ungakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalolu yokuntuleka fibre wezokudla emathunjini, okuyinto bahileleke inqubo ukugaya, kujwayeleke microflora futhi sithuthukise amasosha omzimba.

Izinkomba yokwamukelwa "Polyphepan" yilezi:

• ezingelapheki noma sibi nezifo zesisu;
• ukudla okunobuthi;
• isifo sohudo,
• ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo viral;
• ikholera;
• dysbiosis emathunjini;
• salmonellosis;
• nesifo;
• komzimba;
• iziyaluyalu fat umzimba emzimbeni;
• isikhathi emumva nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali noma ngemisebe;
• izinkinga gynecological: candidiasis, vaginosis.

Uhlu kunalokho olubanzi izinkomba has a izidakamizwa ezinjalo, njengoba lignin. Imiyalelo Uphawula ezinye Izimo:

• Hypersensitivity emuthini;
• ukuqunjelwa okungamahlalakhona;
• kolwelwesi;
• sikashukela.

Phakathi reception lignin side effects kungenzeka: ukusabela iguliswa noma ukuqunjelwa.

Izindlela zokusebenzisa imithi umthamo yayo isethwe udokotela kuncike yinkimbinkimbi Ihlahlubo isimo. Ngokuvamile ebekiwe edonsa lignin phakathi nesonto, kodwa ezinye izinkinga ka isikhathi yokwelapha zingandiswa kuze kuphele inyanga.

Lemvelo futhi lignin

Le into ikhiqizwa esiningi e uginindela ukucubungula. It is eligoqiwe yinqwaba enkulu, ezinomthelela ukungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amacala omlilo okuzenzakalelayo lignin.

Kuze kube manje, kuba nenkinga lomcebo ukusetshenziswa uphethiloli, njengoba emva amandla omlilo yayo semali imfucuza, okuyinto umonakalo imvelo. Lignin uthola isicelo yayo ezimbonini eziningi, ngakho kuqala kunazo zonke kubalulekile ukuxazulula inkinga ukuphepha kwemvelo imvelo.