Lisho ukuthini igama elithi "umbuso wezepolitiki"? Umqondo, isisekelo, izimpawu, izinhlobo, izinhlobo zombuso wezepolitiki wombuso

Okuyinhloko yesistimu kahulumeni esungulwa kuleli zwe ngalesi sikhathi noma leso sikhathi, lapho uhulumeni enezinhloso ezithile, izindlela nezindlela zokuqaphela amandla alo, yilokho igama elithi "umbuso wezepolitiki" lisho.

Isakhiwo esikhethekile noma izindlela zokuxhumana?

Ekunqumeni umbuso wezepolitiki, isimiso sezwe noma sezombusazwe asibalulekile njengokuqaphela izindlela zokuxhumana phakathi kombuso nomphakathi, ukulungiswa kwamalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, inqubo yokwakhiwa kwazo zonke izikhungo zezombangazwe, izindlela nezindlela zokuphatha. Yini echaza noma yimuphi umbuso wezepolitiki: umqondo, izimpawu, nezinhlobo zawo - lezi zici zihlukene kakhulu futhi ziyakwazi ukuguqula.

Ngisho uhlobo olufanayo lwezakhiwo zombuso lungaba yimibuso yezopolitiki ehlukene. Futhi, imibuso efanayo noma efanayo iyavela kalula ohlelweni lwezinqubomgomo ezahlukene. Isibonelo, umbuso wezombusazwe wamanye amazwe omthethosisekelo (iBelgium, iNorway nabanye) isakhiwo samandla ase-republican lapho izindlela zikahulumeni zentando yeningi zisetshenziswa. Futhi, isibonelo, i-Iran, enesakhiwo senqubomgomo yentando yeningi enhlanganweni yamandla wombuso, empeleni ihulumeni wobumbusi. Ngemuva kokuhlaziya isimo ngaphakathi kombuso, incazelo itholakala, okusho ukuthi umbuso wezepolitiki.

Izici eziyinhloko

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu yisimiso senhlangano yazo zonke izikhungo zamandla, kanye nezinhloso zezombusazwe kanye nezindlela ezilandelwayo, nezindlela zokuzifeza. Ama-slogans afana: "ukunqoba nganoma yikuphi ukubiza" noma "ukuphela kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindlela" zichaza kanjani umbuso wobumbuso wezombusozwe wezepolitiki. Umqondo kanye nezinhlobo zemibuso zihlukaniswa ngokusho kokuhlaziywa okwenziwe.

Ubuhlobo bombuso wezombangazwe buhlanganisa izinga lezombangazwe zomphakathi nezamasiko abantu. Noma yimuphi umbusi noma u-elite olawulayo ususa amandla kakhulu njengoba avunyelwe ukwenza lokhu ngumphakathi kanye nabantu. Kwamanye amazwe, imibuso yezibambiso ishiwo ngokulula, ngokwemvelo, injalo yikambiso yabo yezombangazwe yendabuko.

Izinhlobo

Abacwaningi bavame ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo zeziphathimandla zikahulumeni: ngentando yeningi , obumbene nobumbusi . Emva kokuzihlola konke nokuhlaziya, kungenzeka ukuchaza incazelo yegama elithi "umbuso wezepolitiki" kusho.

Umbuso wobumbuso

Ukuqothulwa kombuso - isistimu yezenhlalakahle kunalokho okucacile, kwavela njengesenzakalo sezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe ekhulwini lama-20. Leli gama livela kwi-Latin totalis - ephelele, egcwele, konke okushoyo, esebenzayo kwisistimu kahulumeni, inani, okuwukuthi, ukuzithoba okuphelele esifundeni sezakhamizi zayo.

Ezingqungqutheleni zezombusazwe zafaka umqondo wokuzibusa komhlaba wonke ngo-1925, umholi wase-Italy wezenhlalo-yobuzwe uBussolini. Kodwa-ke, izimiso zobubusi bezizwe zivela esimweni esihle sePlato nasemisebenzini yamaTopiya, uT. Mora nabanye.

Isici esicacile kunazo zonke nesicindezelayo sobubusi bezizwe kwakuyisidingo sokulingana ngokuphelele emhlabeni wonke. UGracchus Babeuf ucele ukuhoxiswa komuntu ngisho nethemba lokuba nomthelela, ocebile, onolwazi kunabanye izakhamuzi. Futhi lokhu kuyisakhiwo esimisiwe sokwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kombuso, ukuguqulwa kwemiphakathi ngokusebenzisa imibono yamaKhomanisi.

Imvelo yezombangazwe

Umqondo wokuvumelanisa nesimo sazo zonke izakhamuzi washunyayelwa nguJ.-J. URousseau, isazi sefilosofi saseFrance. Ukulawulwa komphakathi jikelele kuncike kwisifiso "sokubaba" esizwakalayo sokuletha abantu bayo injabulo, futhi lokhu kuyadingeka ukuguqula lo mphakathi ngosizo lokulingana, isizathu, ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle nenkululeko. Ubuntu bomuntu bubonakala buhlakazeka emzimbeni wezepolitiki wombuso, ngokugcwele kuwo wonke umuntu.

Umbuso - ophethe intando evamile yezakhamuzi, unombuso ongabonakali namandla amakhulu. Ukungalaleli nokungahambisani kwabantu noma amaqembu abo kubangela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukuphoqeleka ukuthi kube mahhala ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinhloso ezivamile. Izici eziyinhloko zobubonke:

• Cishe njalo izinkinga ngokufaneleka kweziphathimandla, ngoba imibuso enjalo isungulwa ngemuva kwezimpikiswano, i-putschs nezinye izinto ezisetshenziselwa amandla;
• Iningi lezakhamuzi alinalo ithuba lokwenza amandla nokuthonya, ukulawula izenzo zalo;
• Ingqikithi yenqubo yezobudlelwane bazo zonke ubudlelwane bezenhlalakahle, okubandakanya ubuciko nesayensi, ebuye ilawulwe uhulumeni; Ukuthembela ngokuphelele kwezakhamuzi ezizweni, ukwesaba kwangaphakathi;
• Isistimu yezenzo zomthetho esikhundleni senqubo yezomthetho, imithetho ayiyona yonke indawo, amandla awahambisani nemithetho yomthetho; Ngokuvamile kaningi iqembu lezombangazwe esimweni lapho amandla angokwakhe;
• Ubuningi bomholi wamakhadi;
• Ukuhlelwa kwezombusazwe kanye nokwebiwa kwezombusazwe kuzo zonke ubudlelwano emphakathini;
• Imfihlo evela empucuko yomhlaba.

Amaphethelo enhle ahlukanisa ubudlelwane bomhlaba wonke "kulungile" futhi "ngakwesokunxele". Umbono wombuso wezepolitiki wombuso uchaza ukuthi "ngakwesobunxele" kusekelwe ezimisweni zeMarxism-Leninism, kanti "ilungelo" lithintana nemibono yezenhlalakahle kazwelonke, okungukuthi, fascism. Noma yimuphi umbuso wobumbano unesici esibonakalayo: inhlangano ye-paramilitary yomphakathi wonke, ukulalela okungenakuphikiswa kobuholi obuphakeme kanye namandla aqinile .

Isimo sokugunyaza

Umsuka wegama kusuka kwisiLatini I-Auctoritas - ithonya lamandla. Konke ukugcwala kwamandla kugxile kumuntu oyedwa - umbusi noma inkosi, lokhu kusho umqondo. Umbuso wezombangazwe ubonakala ngamandla amakhulu, cishe zonke izici zokuphila zilawulwa nguhulumeni, izindlela zokuphatha, ukuhambisa uhlelo kungenasisekelo, abantu bahlukanisiwe kulokho, ukuphikiswa kwangempela akukhona, inkululeko yomshoshaphansi ayikho.

Akukho ukuhlukana kwangempela kwamandla emagunyeni wezokwehlulela, okusemthethweni nokwezomthetho, nakuba izakhiwo ezihlelekile ezifana nalezi zikhona. Umthethosisekelo ngaphansi kwemibuso yezigunyazo ingagcinwa, kodwa ngokumemezela. Uhlelo lwezokukhethwa lukhona, kodwa ngomsebenzi wokukhohlisa obala, imiphumela ihlelwe kusengaphambili futhi ayithinti uhlamvu lombuso wezepolitiki okhona.

Umbuso wokuguquka

Lolu uhlobo olujwayelekile lwezepolitiki. Izimpawu zibeka umbuso wobukhosi esimweni esiphakathi, lapho umphakathi wobumbano uqala ukufuna intando yeningi noma ngokuphambene nalokho, okusho ukuthi "umbuso wezepolitiki wesikhathi sokuguquka."

Umbuso wobukhosi uhlukile, uqhathaniswa nezinhloso nezindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nezinhlobo zokuhlelwa kwamandla - okuqhubekayo, okulondolozayo noma okwenzakalayo. Umbono wombuso wezepolitiki wombuso uqukethe ngokuqondile ukuthi amandla ombuso awunqamulelwanga isikhathi eside, kodwa ayikho isimiso sezwe esingunaphakade.

IDemocratic State

Leli gama lavela emaDemos demos namaKratos - abantu namandla, intando yeningi. Ngalolu hlobo lwe-oda lomphakathi, abantu babhekwa njengomnikazi wamandla wezwe, umphathi walo. Umqondo kanye nenhloko yombuso wezepolitiki wenkululeko yeningi nawo wonke umhlaba. Isimo sobuso esinjalo, lapho intando yeningi igcwaliseka ngokugcwele, ayikho, kuyinto enhle yokuhleleka komphakathi.

Ngaphansi kwentando yeningi, izifiso zabantu abalandelayo kumele zifezeke: inkululeko, ubulungisa, ukulingana, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi kuhulumeni. Ngokuvamile uthi ukuzibeka ngokweqile njengendlela yokuzibusa ngentando yeningi ngokwabo ngokwezombusazwe, umbuso wobumbimbimbi kanye nezinye izimbuso zobushiqela.

Izimpawu zentando yeningi

Ngendlela ehlanzekile yentando yeningi, akekho umbuso osungulwe manje, ngokuvamile abantu bakhetha iqembu elinamagama amabili: i-democrat yobuKristu, i-democratic democracy, i-democrat yenkululeko, ngisho ne-democrat kazwelonke. Ngakho-ke izinyathelo zomphakathi eziqondiswa umphakathi ezincane zizama ukukhombisa ukunamathela kumagugu entando yeningi. Umbuso wezepolitiki, izibonakaliso, izinhlobo zazo zihlukaniswa ngokusho kwezindinganiso ezisemqoka ezitholakala ekuhlaziyweni.

Izimo lapho umbuso wentando yeningi kahulumeni uzimisele khona:

• Amandla amakhulu abantu ahlonishwa ngokusemthethweni;
• Iziphathimandla eziyinhloko zikhethiwe ngezikhathi ezithile;
• I-suffrage iyinhlangano yonke, futhi zonke izakhamuzi zingabamba iqhaza ekubuseni kombuso nasekwakhekeni kwazo zonke izinhlangano ezimele kanye nezikhungo zamandla;
• Yonke isakhamuzi sinelungelo nje lokukhetha abaphathi bezwe, kodwa futhi lingakhetha kunoma yiliphi ihhovisi elikhethwe yizwe;
• Izinqumo zenziwa iningi, futhi abambalwa balalela iningi;
• Izinhlangano ezimele ziqondisa imisebenzi yamandla aphezulu;
• Amabandla okhethwayo aphendukele kubomidi bawo.

Izinhlobo zentando yeningi

Izindlela eziyisisekelo zokubona intando yeningi zixhomeke endleleni abantu abangasebenzisa ngayo igunya, ukuthi umbuso wezepolitiki wombuso ungaphansi kwawo. Umqondo nezinhlobo zihlukaniswa kanje:

A) intando yeningi eqondile , lapho abavoti benza izinqumo ngokuqondile futhi baqaphe ukuqaliswa kwazo - lokhu kubonakala ngezinhlobo zakudala zenkululeko yeningi njengabantu bomphakathi (iAthens lasendulo, iRoma lasendulo, i-Novgorod, iFlorence nezinye izifundazwe);

B) intando yeningi , lapho abantu benza izinqumo kuphela ezimweni ezithile - i-veche, i-maidan, inhlolovo;

C) intando yeningi emele , lapho amandla ethwalwa ngabamele abantu futhi elawula umbuso, leli yiyona ndlela evame kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo yentando yeningi, hhayi ukushiyeka ukwehluleka kwayo (izinkinga zokuzikhethela).

Indima yombuso kumodi yokuphatha

Ngendlela kahulumeni kanye nesakhiwo sendawo yezwe, akunakwenzeka ukubona ukuthi kusho ukuthini "umbuso wezepolitiki". Kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi iziphathimandla zombuso zihlangana kanjani, ukubona ukubaluleka kwamandla emikhakha emkhakheni wezombangazwe, ukuqonda ukuthi indima yimuphi umbuso owenzayo ekulawulweni kwabantu basezindaweni zayo.

Indlela evulekile yenza umbuso wezombangazwe, umqondo, ubuhlobo bawo bubuciko bokuphila komphakathi kanye naso sonke isistimu yombuso womphakathi onikeziwe. Indlela encane yenza kube yinkambinkimbi kuphela empilweni yombuso neyezwe, ngoba ichaza ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zesakhiwo sikahulumeni (ifomu kahulumeni, isibonelo).

Kodwa abantu bathini umqondo wokuthi "umbuso wezombangazwe" ohlola lo mkhuba ngesici esisodwa kuphela? Zombili izindlela ezidingekayo lapha, zombili ezibanzi futhi ezincane, ngaphandle kwalokho umuntu akanakuqonda izinqubo zezombusazwe ezenzeka kuzo zombili izigaba - zomphakathi, ezombusazwe, kanye nombuso. Futhi, uhlobo lwesistimu yezombangazwe ngeke lube lubala - zonke izinhlangano zalo zomphakathi, amaqembu adlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi.

Izici zendlela yokuphatha

Ukuchaza incazelo yesistimu yezombusazwe, kubalulekile ukucabangela okuningi. Ukuphelele kwezindlela nezindlela zokuhola umbuso ngomqondo omncane futhi kuhlanganisa nomqondo wohulumeni wezepolitiki wombuso. Le ncazelo yezinga lesigunyaziso samalungelo nenkululeko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhambisana nomthethosisekelo (okusemthethweni) kanye nemigomo yangempela yomthetho. Ubuhlobo bobudlelwane phakathi kukahulumeni kanye nezisekelo ezisemthethweni zombuso kusho ukubuka "okubanzi" kohulumeni wezepolitiki kahulumeni. Kuphela ukuze ubone isithombe sonke.

Esimweni esinjalo, okokuqala, izindlela zomthetho noma ezingekho zomthetho zokulawula umbuso zibonakala. Okubaluleke kakhulu nencazelo yezindlela zokusebenzisa amandla: amajele nezinye izikhungo ezijezisa, izintando yeningi noma ezombusazwe zokuthonya umphakathi, ukutholakala noma ukungabikho kokucindezelwa kwemibono, ukwephulwa noma ukuhlinzekwa kwenkululeko ngayinye, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo, inkululeko yezomnotho, isimo sengqondo samafomu ezakhiwo kanye nokunye.

Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yezombangazwe

Ithonya likahulumeni lifinyelela kuzo zonke izingxenye zesistimu yezombangazwe, kufaka phakathi amaqembu ezombusazwe, ukuqoqwa kwemisebenzi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, zonke izinto ezibonakalayo, izinto ezibonakalayo: isonto, ukunyakaza kwamasonto okwesikhashana njalonjalo. Zonke izingxenye zalesi simiso zingaphansi kwethonya elikhulu le-system.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumele kube nempendulo eqinile, ngoba isimo ngencazelo kumele sithinte umthelela wezemvelo nezombusazwe. Ngakho-ke, ithonya elibambisana lifaka isandla ekwakhiweni kombuso othile wezepolitiki.

Ifomu likahulumeni

Ngakho-ke kusho ukuthini igama elithi "umbuso wezepolitiki"? Ngamafuphi enye yezinhlobo zithi - lokhu kuyisigaba samandla esigaba (K. Marx). Futhi, ngokusho kukaMarx, yonke imibuso yezombusazwe ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-socialist / protosocialist kanye ne-capitalist / protocapitalist. Ziyize zicacile futhi ziyizombusazwe, ezombusazwe (obushiqela), ezombusazwe kanye nentando yeningi, zingaba isiqondisi (ngokubambisana) futhi zihlangene.

Ngokuvamile, amafomu nezinhlobo zezombusazwe zihlukaniswe ngemuva kokuhlaziya ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni, umphakathi kanye nomuntu ngamunye. Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kunikeza okuhle, okungukuthi, okuchazwe ngokweqile, izinhlobo zezinhlaka zombuso wezepolitiki. Empilweni yangempela, akekho umbuso wezombangazwe ngendlela ehlanzekile.

Noma kunjalo, ukuhlukaniswa iziqephu zibe yizinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko (umbuso wobumbano, intando yeningi kanye nokuzibusa) kufana nokuthi, ngokwezinga ezihlukahlukene, esondela esimisweni somqondo, lezi zinhlobo zivame ukuvela emlandweni wesintu nasemhlabeni wanamuhla. Ikhono lemibuso yezombangazwe ukuguquka cishe liyinkimbinkimbi ukuhlaziywa nokuhlelwa, kodwa izici zobuntu zizokwenza bazizwe bezizwa. Isibonelo, umbuso wezombangazwe, umqondo nezici zazo ezihambisana nemigomo yenkululeko, ngenxa yokuqothulwa, ukuhlubuka, ukubambisana kungashintsha noma yikuphi okunye.