KumiswaIsayensi

Namangqamuzana ezinzwa umsebenzi. Yini umsebenzi wenziwa yi-izinzwa. Motor neuron umsebenzi

Ikhono amaseli ukuze nokusabela ezintweni zezwe ngaphandle - umbandela eziyisisekelo eziphilayo. I timphawu tesakhiwo ijwabu sezinzwa - izinzwa ezincelisayo kanye ndoda - bakwazi ukuguqula ezishukumisa (ukukhanya, iphunga, amaza omsindo) enqubeni excitation. yi bakhe bokugcina - ukusabela esanele ukuthi imigwamanda ezahlukene nomthelela wendawo ezungezile kubantu. Kulesi sihloko, sizofunda ukuhlola lokho umsebenzi wenziwa izinzwa ubuchopho kanye neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa, kanye cabanga ngezigaba izinzwa ngenxa izici of ukusebenza kwawo ezintweni eziphilayo.

Ukwakheka izicubu sezinzwa

Ngaphambi ukuhlola umsebenzi we namangqamuzana ezinzwa, ake sibone ukuthi amaseli ifomu-neurocytes. Ngesikhathi sigaba neurula, i-embryo ibizwa wabeka neural tube. Kumiswa It is kusuka eshidini ectodermal kokuba ukuqina - ipuleti kwemizwa. ekupheleni Advanced tube ukwakha eminye izingxenye ezinhlanu ngesimo ubuchopho Bubbles. Kulawa, kwakhiwa izingxenye zobuchopho. Ingxenye esemqoka neural tube phakathi ukuthuthukiswa embryonic wakha umgogodla, kusukela ezisabalele pair of 31 izinzwa.

izinzwa cerebral zakha core. Zenza 12 namabhuzu nezinzwa cranial. Kuhlelo womuntu sezinzwa is umahluko ku umnyango emaphakathi - the asebuchosheni nomgogodla, ehlanganisa neurocytes amaseli nasekusekeleni izicubu - glia. Neuropathy Division siqukethe ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo nezingxenye autonomic. imizwa yabo innervate zonke kwezitho nezicubu zomzimba.

Izinzwa - iyunithi isakhi isimiso sezinzwa

Bona ayahluka ngobukhulu, ukuma izakhiwo. namangqamuzana ezinzwa imisebenzi eziyizinhlobonhlobo iqhaza kumiswa izifunda kwemizwa, bezibona ezishukumisa kusukela imvelo bangaphandle, ukudluliselwa excitation novelayo ukuba kwamanye amangqamuzana. Kusukela namangqamuzana ezinzwa isuka izinqubo eziningana. Long - Axon namagatsha iDemo ngokuthi dendrites.

luhlolo Cytological kwembulwe umzimba emsipheni cell nucleus nomunye - nucleoli ezimbili, eyakheke kahle reticulum endoplasmic, mitochondria eziningi futhi esinamandla amaprotheni-Kuhlanganisa kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Yena imelelwa ribosomes futhi RNA molecule RNAi. Lezi izinto akha ethize isakhiwo neurocytes - Nissl izidakamizwa. Isici ezinzwa - inqwaba izinqubo kunomthelela yokuthi umsebenzi eyinhloko namangqamuzana ezinzwa - ukudluliswa emsipheni amaza. Ilungiselelwe njengengxenye dendrites futhi axons. Eyokuqala amasignali futhi udlulise nabo kuya neurocyte umzimba futhi Axon - inqubo olulodwa eside kakhulu, eqhuba ukuyaluza ukuze uthole enye i kletkam.Prodolzhaya sezinzwa ukuthola impendulo yombuzo othi: Lisho ukuthini izinzwa sibheke ukwakheka into ezifana neuroglia.

Isakhiwo izicubu sezinzwa

Neurocytes sizungezwe impahla ekhethekile, okuyinto libhekene izakhiwo asekelayo futhi uyavikela. Ngaye, njengokukhombisa ikhono isici ukwehlukana. Le ngxube libizwa neuroglia.

Lesi sakhiwo kuyinto eduze okuhlobene ezinzwa. Njengoba Umsebenzi oyinhloko namangqamuzana ezinzwa - yisizukulwane futhi conduction Izinzwa amaza, amaseli glial ukuthi sithonywa inqubo excitation futhi ushintshe izici zabo zikagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho imisebenzi trophic futhi uyavikela glia inikeza ukusabela umzimba e neurocytes eba nomthelela ekutheni lo plasticity ijwabu sezinzwa.

Lo mshini excitation e izinzwa

Ngamunye iseli ezinzwa yakha ayizinkulungwane eziningana oxhumana nabanye neurocytes. I pulses kagesi ziyisisekelo excitation izinqubo zidluliselwa kusukela umzimba cell eduze Axon, ngenkathi abaxhumana nabanye timphawu tesakhiwo ijwabu sezinzwa noma emzimbeni ukusebenza ingena ngqo, isibonelo ezicutshini. Ukuze ubone ukuthi yini umsebenzi wenziwa yi-izinzwa kudingeka sitadishe mshini ukudluliswa excitation. Wathwala axons. Izinzwa motor imbozwe myelin emgodleni abizwa ngokuthi myelinated. I autonomic nervous system kukhona izinqubo unmyelinated. Ngokusho kwakhe lo excitation idinga ukuya namangqamuzana ezinzwa engumakhelwane.

Uyini synapse

Oxhumana kwamaseli amabili ibizwa ngokuthi synapse. Kudluliswa excitation kwenzeka kuyo noma usebenzisa amakhemikhali - balamuli, noma ukudlula ion komunye namangqamuzana ezinzwa komunye, isb pulses kagesi.

Ngenxa ukwakheka synapse izinzwa ukudala isakhiwo inethiwekhi wesabelo isiqu asebuchosheni nomgogodla. Ibizwa ngokuthi ukwakheka reticular, kusukela engxenyeni engezansi oblongata medulla futhi ithumba nuclei brainstem, noma izinzwa ingqondo. Meshwork igcina isimo esebenzayo we- cortex cerebral futhi kuholela izenzo reflex ka emgogodleni.

intelligence yokufakelwa

Umqondo we-zokuxhumana kobuchopho phakathi izinzwa we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko futhi ukutadisha nemisebenzi ulwazi reticular manje owawusekelwe ngendlela isayensi ye yokufakelwa kwenethiwekhi. It Imiphumela yokufakelwa ezinzwa exhunywe kwi-okokufaka nezinye uxhumano ekhethekile, synapse eziphindaphindekayo nge imisebenzi yabo yangempela. Ukuqalisa umsebenzi namangqamuzana ezinzwa neurocomputer yokufakelwa - a summation of bonke amasignali okokufaka i yokufakelwa ezinzwa cell, ukuguqulelwa umsebenzi non-eqondile esemazweni komugqa. Ibizwa nangokuthi umsebenzi impendulo (yokudlulisa). Lapho edala intelligence yokufakelwa le komugqa kabanzi kunazo, semilinear izinyathelo umsebenzi namangqamuzana ezinzwa kusebenze.

neurocytes afferent

Zibizwa ngokuthi nangokuthi olubucayi futhi babe ameva esifushane, eziyingxenye iseli isikhumba futhi zonke izitho zangaphakathi (receptor). Ukucasuka Bebona imvelo yangaphandle, receptor zabo aguqulwe inqubo excitation. Kuye izinhlobo zamandla ashukumisayo, le eziyimpumelelo ezinzwa zihlukaniswe: thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors. Ngakho, umsebenzi izinzwa sezinzwa - bezibona ezintweni, ukubandlulula zabo, isizukulwane excitation kanye nokudlulisela kube isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. izinzwa Ukudideka afakiwe izimpondo posterior ka emgogodleni. Izidumbu zabo zitholakala amasayithi (ganglia) engaphandle isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. kwakhiwa Kanjalo ganglia we izinzwa cranial spinal. izinzwa Afferent babe inqwaba dendrites, axons kanye kanye umzimba, zingabantu isakhi esibalulekile lwesikhathi reflex. Ngakho-ke, ebucayi namangqamuzana ezinzwa imisebenzi ku inqubo ukudluliswa excitation asebuchosheni umgogodla, ekubambeni iqhaza kumiswa ikhaliphe.

Izici interneuron

Eqhubeka ukufunda izakhiwo timphawu tesakhiwo ijwabu sezinzwa, uthole ukuthi yini umsebenzi wenziwa izinzwa ejotshelelwayo. Lolu hlobo amaseli kwemizwa kuthatha pulses bioelectric kusukela inzwa futhi adlulisele kubo neurocyte:

a) nezinye interneurons;

b) motor neurocytes.

interneurons Iningi axons, izingxenye ekupheleni okuyinto - esibulalayo elihlobene ne-neurocytes isikhungo.

Izinzwa ogama umsebenzi - ukuhlanganiswa we excitation futhi Lokusakaza yayo ngaphezulu ezingxenyeni ezithile isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, kukhona isakhi esibalulekile reflex unconditioned kakhulu futhi moya reflex emsipheni lwesikhathi. interneurons Excitatory lula ukudluliswa isignali ophakathi kwala maqembu obusebenzayo neurocytes. Brake ejotshelelwayo ezinzwa ukuthola injabulo emzileni wawo ngempendulo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinzwa lapho ukusebenza - ukulondolozwa eside futhi ukudluliswa kwe-nerve amaza, uvumela ukusebenza kwawo sezinzwa izinzwa emgogodleni.

Motor neuron umsebenzi

Motoneurons liwukuphela kwesakhiwo yokugcina block of the arc reflex. Unomzimba esingeke omkhulu, waphetha phambi umgogodla intambo izimpondo. Labo izinzwa ukuthi innervate le imisipha yohlaka, angamagama lezi zinto motor. Okunye neurocytes efferent kufakwe secreting amaseli indlala futhi abangele ukukhululwa kwe izinto ezifanele: izimfihlo hormone. I okungalindelekile, okungukuthi izenzo unconditioned reflex (nokugwinya, amathe, sokuzikhulula) izinzwa efferent ukhulise kusukela emgogodleni noma isiqu ingqondo. Ukuze benze izenzo eziyinkimbinkimbi nokunyakaza komzimba isebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili neurocytes centrifugal: emaphakathi kanye neuropathy motor imoto. umzimba esimaphakathi namangqamuzana ezinzwa motor e cortex cerebral, eduze rolandovoy furrow.

Izidumbu zabantu abangu-neuropathy motor neurocytes, innervating imisipha nemilenze, isiqu, intamo, elise izimpondo anterior we umgogodla, izinqubo zabo eside - axons - aphume izimpande anterior. Bona akha imicu motor 31 namabhuzu izinzwa emgogodleni. Neuropathy motor neurocytes, innervating imisipha ubuso, nomphimbo, amalaka, ulimi, zitholakala nuclei we vagus, hypoglossal futhi glossopharyngeal nezinzwa cranial. Ngakho, umsebenzi oyinhloko-motor neuron - bushelelezi imisipha ukuba ubambe excitation secreting amaseli nezinye izitho zomzimba zisebenza.

Umzimba ku neurocytes

Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-namangqamuzana ezinzwa - kumiswa bioelectrical isinyathelo engaba nokudluliselwa baso kwezinye amangqamuzana ezinzwa, amaseli kwemisipha secreting - neurocyte ngenxa izici kwesakhiwo ukusabela ethize umzimba. izifundo Cytological luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinzwa aqukethe inqwaba mitochondria, ATP Kuhlanganisa molecule athuthukile ezihlukahlukene luyimbudumbudu reticulum ribosomal izinhlayiya. Amemezela ngentshiseko kwemiqondo cell amaprotheni. Ulwelwesi yeseli nerve futhi izinqubo zawo - axons futhi dendrites wenza umsebenzi ezokuthutha abakhethayo lwama-molecule ion. ukusabela umzimba e neurocytes zenzeka ne ezihlukahlukene enzyme abe umfutho high.

Transmission at synapse excitation

Uma ucabangela indlela ka excitation sezinzwa, sabuka synapse - okwakheke ezivela esibonakalayo neurocytes ezimbili. Excitation we emsipheni cell yokuqala kubangela ukwakheka collaterals e Axon molecule ayo Amakhemikhali - balamuli. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-amino acid, acetylcholine, norepinephrine. Standing aphume Bubbles in Ukunqanyulwa kwe ka anokulandisa okufanayo umqhewu anokulandisa okufanayo, kungase kube nomthelela kokubili siqu ulwelwesi postsynaptic futhi kuthinte igobolondo engumakhelwane izinzwa.

neurotransmitters mpilo kukhona ecasulayo kwamanye amangqamuzana ezinzwa, okubangela yayo ulwelwesi icala izinguquko - isenzo ezingaba khona. Ngakho, injabulo ngokushesha zisakazeka kanye imicu yezinzwa bufike isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, noma uya kwemisipha nezindlala, kubenze isinyathelo esifanele.

plasticity neuronal

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi kule nqubo ye embryogenesis, okungukuthi esiteji neurulation, le yi-ectoderm asathuthuka inani elikhulu kakhulu izinzwa eyinhloko. Mayelana 65% babo bayafa esesesiswini. Phakathi ontogeny amanye ingqondo amaseli uqhubeke kumele basuswe endleleni. Lena inqubo engokwemvelo ihlelwa. Neurocytes, ngokungafani amaseli EPITHELIAL noma zezinzwa azikwazi ukuhlukanisa futhi wenze njengoba izakhi zofuzo ezibangela lezi izinqubo inactivated kuma-chromosome kwabantu. Noma kunjalo, ubuchopho kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo kungase kuphikelele iminyaka eminingi, akuyona ziyancipha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umsebenzi izinzwa elahlekile ngesikhathi ontogenesis, thatha kwamanye amangqamuzana ezinzwa. Sinenkosi ukuqinisa umzimba wakho futhi adale ukuxhumana okusha kwemizwa ukuthi bavale isikhala umsebenzi elahlekile. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi plasticity neurocytes.

Njengoba kubonakala izinzwa

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, iqembu neurophysiologists Italian uye wasungula iqiniso elithakazelisayo: e amangqamuzana ezinzwa kungase isibuko isithombe ukwazi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwakhiwa cortex cerebral is ukwazi phantom of abantu esibafundelayo ukuxhumana. Afakwe esibukweni uhlelo izinzwa umsebenzi njengoba resonators umsebenzi engqondo wabantu ayephila nabo. Ngakho-ke, umuntu uyakwazi landulele izinhloso interlocutor. Isakhiwo neurocytes ezinjalo futhi linikeza ekhethekile mkhuba ngokwengqondo ngokuthi uzwela. It libhekene ikhono ukungena ezweni yalomunye umuntfu futhi bayazwelana imizwa yakhe.

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