Uthishanhloko inombolo quantum njengoba inkomba eyinhloko isimo electron

Enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu kulo mbono zesayensi ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla kuthatha okuthiwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela quantum. Kusekelwe isiphakamiso ukuthi amandla esicashile e-electron, kungenzeka ukubala, njengoba inani layo kungathatha kuphela amagugu ethile. Kulokhu, siwumphumela ababaluleke kakhulu kulo msebenzi isimo sezinto isiphetho ukuthi isimo i-electron weyesi inikezwe ngesikhathi lingachazwa iqoqo izinkomba ambalwa - izinombolo quantum.

Okubalulekile umbono uwukuthi inombolo oyinhloko quantum. Leli gama lisetshenziswa physics yesimanje ngokuthi isilinganiso ambalwa, owawuthi Isimo semvelo samanje electron bangabohlobo amandla ezingeni othize. Amandla ezingeni yena, kuyinto iqoqo orbitals, umehluko wamandla phakathi ukubaluleka okuyinto eliphansi kakhulu.

Ngakho kuleli lungiselelo, inombolo oyinhloko quantum kungaba omunye integers omuhle. Kulokhu, kubalulekile esiyinhloko siwukuthi, kuvela elinye iqiniso. Ngempela, endabeni ukudluliswa kwe-electron ehlukile amandla izinga inombolo oyinhloko quantum ka saziso ukushintsha ukubaluleka kwayo. Lapha kuyafaneleka acha- imodeli Niels Bohr, lapho kukhona inguquko izinhlayiya aphansi komunye orbit komunye, kuphumele ezikhishwe noma ugxile ethile namandla.

Uthishanhloko inombolo quantum kuhlobene nenani quantum esemkhathini. Into wukuthi iyiphi ezingeni amandla akuyona iyunifomu ngokwemvelo futhi kuhlanganisa orbitals eziningana. Labo wabo ukuthi babe okufanayo amandla value akha sublayer ehlukile. Ukuze uthole ukuthi lokho sublayer osebenza elilodwa noma kwenye esemkhathini, futhi ukusebenzisa umqondo welithi "inombolo quantum esemkhathini." Ukuze abale kumele kube kusuka main inombolo quantum Khupha iyunithi. Khona-ke zonke izinombolo yemvelo kusuka zero kule ipharamitha futhi kuyoba inombolo quantum esemkhathini.

Umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke isici ambalwa ukuthi kungasiza hhayi kuphela ukuhlanganisa electron nge sublayer unikezwa, kodwa libhekene trajectory of ukunyakaza izinhlayiya aphansi. Ngenxa yalokho, indlela, futhi incwadi orbitals aziwayo kakade kusukela Yiqiniso esikoleni i-chemistry: s, d, p, g, f.

Esinye isici esibalulekile isikhundla electron sika inombolo kazibuthe quantum. nencazelo yalo eyinhloko ngokomzimba kumele kuchazwe projection we umfutho emincane mayelana isiqondiso coinciding nesiqondiso kazibuthe. Ngamanye amazwi, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa electron ukuthi luthathe inombolo esemkhathini quantum uyefana.

I kazibuthe inombolo quantum ingahluka 2l +1, lapho l - kuwuphawu ambalwa of inombolo quantum esemkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inombolo spin aqhelelene futhi eminye kazibuthe, okuyinto edingekayo ukuze ube njani izakhiwo quantum izinhlayiya aphansi e ifomu okumsulwa. Spin - akulutho like umfutho emincane, okuyinto ingafaniswa ukujikeleza electron ezungeza siqu axis awo engokomfanekiso.