Ndaba elula

Emvelweni, zikhona izinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo - ukubunjwa yabo. Ngakho, amandla elula zihlanganisa ama-athomu eyodwa isici. Yabo (imfuyo elula) zinhlayiya kungenziwa kuhlelwe umqondo endaweni yokucwaninga, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ekhaya. Nokho, ngokuvamile, izimo ezidingekayo isitoreji ukudala ezinye zinhlayiya okuholela.

Kukhona namakilasi amahlanu athatha kulo impahla ahlukaniswe izinsimbi elula, lulwimi izinsimbi, okungezona izinsimbi, compounds intermetallic futhi halogens (hhayi zemvelo). Bangakwazi emelelwa-athomu (i-Ari, Yena) noma yamangqamuzana (O2, H2 O3) igesi.

Njengoba isibonelo esingazithatha ikhemikhali i-oksijini elula. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-molecule ehlanganisa ama-athomu amabili-mpilo isici. Noma, ngokwesibonelo, yensimbi impahla siqukethe zinhlayiya ehlanganisa kuphela kuma-athomu okusansimbi isici. Ngokomlando ukubizwa ngokuthi into elula kwegama isici, ama-athomu zazo abayingxenye yayo. Isakhiwo lezi zakhi kungaba ezinto ezingekho yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

izinto eyindida zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-athomu ungakheka phezu yokubola amabili (noma ngaphezulu) kwakwakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi e-cleavage edonsa umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen. Ngakho hhayi zonke kwakwakhe kungenziwa ukubola zibe izinto lula. Ngokwesibonelo, sulfide yensimbi ezakhiwe isibabule yensimbi athomu, hhayi amenable ukuba cleavage. Kulokhu, ukuze afakazele ukuthi kwakwakhe kuyinto athomu ayinkimbinkimbi futhi heterogeneous kuhlanganisa, isicelo reverse ukuphendula isimiso. Ngamanye amazwi, usebenzisa starting izingxenye etholwe yensimbi sulfide.

izinto Simple kukhona izinhlobo izakhi zamakhemikhali ezikhona isimo khulula. Namuhla, isayensi uyazi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amane salezi zici.

Ngokungafani izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi abanakukwazi ukusuka nezinye izinto ezilula. Futhi zingenza ngobugebengu ngeke phansi nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.

A element chemical ungakheka izinhlobo ezahlukene izinto ezilula. (Ngokwesibonelo, isici edonsa umoya-mpilo-ozone triatomic nomoya-mpilo diatomic ne-carbon uyakwazi obumba yedayimane graphite). Le mpahla libizwa allotropism. ukulungiswa Allotropic kuhluke isakhiwo kanye indlela nokubekwa zinhlayiya noma-molecule e-Ukwakheka ngokwabo molecule (ama-athomu) isici. Ikhono yakha izinhlobo eziningi izinto ezilula ngenxa isakhiwo yama-athomu okuyinto inquma lwesibopho zamakhemikhali, kanye izici isakhiwo zishintshe futhi zinhlayiya.

Zonke ukulungiswa allotropic unekhono kudlule nomunye. Imihlobo ehlukeneko izinto ezilula kwakhiwa ngesinye sezinqumo chemical angase abe ezahlukene Izakhiwo kanye namazinga ahlukene umsebenzi zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, i-oksijini ubukisa-ozone esingaphansi, umsebenzi kanye ukuma we fullerene, isib, kunalawo idayimane.

Ezimweni ezivamile kuzinto nanye izidakamizwa elula kuzokwenza amagesi (i-Ari, Xe, RN, N, H, Ne, O, F, Kr, Cl He,), ngoba nokusaketshezi ezimbili (Br, HG) nezinye izakhi - ukudla okuqinile.

At lokushisa eduze egumbini, izinsimbi ezinhlanu ozokwamukela isimo liquid noma-semi ketshezi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lokushisa yabo ukuncibilika kucishe kulingane ekamelweni lokushisa. Ngakho, mercury rubidium ancibilike at 39 degrees, francium - at 27, cesium - at 28, futhi gallium at degrees 30.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imigomo "chemical isici", "athomu", "izidakamizwa elula" akufanele kudidaniswe. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, it has a athomu ethize, futhi ukubaluleka ethize ukhona ngempela. Sencazelo "chemical isici" ngokuvamile abstract, ngokuhlanganyela. Emvelweni, izinto ezingumsuka ngesimo ama-athomu khulula noma sasondelana amakhemikhali. Kulokhu izimfanelo izinto ezilula (izinhlayiya aggregate) futhi izakhi zamakhemikhali (ama-athomu elingalodwa uhlobo oluthile) anezici zabo.