Okwatholwa nokwasungulwa isikhathi okusha

Ezinye zezinto ezitholakele eziphawuleka kakhulu ezenzeka esikhathini owawubizwa ezikhathini zanamuhla futhi wesimanje. Lapho Countdown iqala zalezikhathi? Yini okutholakele senziwe sikhathi?

Ukuqala New Age

isikhathi okusha ayebhekisela esikhathini lapho abantu uye wangenela eziteji entsha sokugcwaliseka kwaso ezingaba khona. Kodwa lapho lokhu kwenzeka?

Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi isikhathi esisha phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi futhi Umlando Wanamuhla. Abanye basikisela siqale ngibala kusukela ekhulwini XVII, lapho inguquko IsiZulu kwaqala ngo 1640. Kodwa intuthuko e intuthuko futhi ushintsho emphakathini, ukuqala emuva lé ekhulwini xv, kanye nabacwaningi abaningi ukholwa ukuthi leli ekuqaleni kwenkathi entsha noma ekuqaleni isikhathi okusha.

Ngisho ekupheleni Ephakathi zenziwa ezibaluleke nokwasungulwa. Ngo-1440, Johann Gutenberg yasungulwa yokunyathelisa, futhi kancane kancane le ncwadi nje ngokuthanda inkolo kodwa futhi izifundo zesayensi futhi zijabulisa. Ngo-1492, Hristofor Kolumb ethola amazwe aseMelika, kwabantu baseYurophu bezokwakha amakoloni iqala.

Umphakathi siyashintsha zengqondo libhekisela okushiwo umuntu womuntu. ENgilandi-ke asuka kokubusa iSonto LamaKatolika, Reform Movement uvela futhi amaProtestani. Ucala kutfutfukisa isayensi, wadala umphakathi kuqala yesayensi: I-Royal Society, amaFulentshi bobukhosi ibutho Sciences. kwenkathi entsha ne XVI okusungulile: wokubala mechanical, futha cleaner, barometer, iwashi okuthiwa i-pendulum. UGalileo Galilei yasungulwa kwesibonakude, Descartes kudala Ukudidiyela uhlelo. Kube ngesibonakhulu, isibonakude kanye zamehlo ingilazi.

New Times okusungulile kusukela ngekhulu XVIII

Selokhu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVII, abasafufusa onxiwankulu. Inguquko yezezimboni ikhuthaze ukuba ukuthuthukiswa capitalism kanye umphakathi zezimboni.

okutholakele Technical nokwasungulwa ezikhathini zanamuhla ngezinye izikhathi uzibophezele ngokuphelele ngengozi. Ngakho, Dzhona Uatta wavakashela umqondo yenjini umusi lapho ebuka embizeni ukweqa isivalo abilayo. Thomas Nyukman eyakhelwe lokuqala piston umusi injini ngonyaka 1712.

G. Amontons kufika nge-thermometer igesi e-1703, kulandelwa i-thermometer utshwala kusukela Rene Reomyura (1710). Dzhon Hendli noTomase Godfrey owasungula le sextant (1730).

Isidingo sokuthi kukhiqizwe izicubu, ukhuthaza usungula i-ukuphotha futhi ethunga imishini. umshini wokuthunga Okokuqala lobunikazi e 1790 Thomas St Umbhali umshini ukuphotha kwaba Dzheyms Hargrivs (1764). Ngo 1893 Vaytkomb Judson owasungula le uziphu "uziphu."

ezisunguliwe Abaningi ezikhathini zanamuhla zenziwa ekhulwini XIX. Ngo 1818, wathola imithetho photochemistry, futhi 1839 N. Niepce, yasungulwa L.Dagger isithombe. Ngo-1769 i-engumFulentshi Cugnot yakha inqola ku injini umusi, kanye ngo-1886 futhi G.Daymler K.Bents usungula crew ngowokuqala injini ku-petrol.

NJENGOBA Popov yasungulwa umsakazo 1895, Nikola Tesla e 1893-1895 kudala umsakazo ke umsakazo.

Kwinto yami enhle kakhulu okusha Isikhathi - ingilazi yesibani tomasa Edisona nokuthola ugesi, lokhu okusunguliwe-X ray by Roentgen no-Ivan Pulyuem kanyekanye. Thomas Watson ngo-1876 kwaba nombhali ifoni ize likhona isikhulumi "ekhuluma yocingo", kusungulwe Aleksandrom Bellom.

Okunye ezisunguliwe ezikhathini zanamuhla: i-parachute, isikebhe, upiyano, Tuning ekuphambukeni, ibhaluni. Ngo XVIII-XIX eminyaka futhi owasungula le Kaleidoscope, stereoscope, arc Welding, esitimela, ukufana lighter (lighter ngaphambili kakhulu).

Inventions isikhathi Ukuba

Contemporary iqala countdown layo ngekhulu XX, okungukuthi ngo-1918. Nakuba intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kakhulu wasondela. imoto yokuqala yasungulwa nge injini kwenza kube lula ukuba bahambe amabanga amade. izindlela eziningi eziye zaguqulwa isintu impindiselo ashisiwe ugesi.

Sekuyisikhathi ukuthuthukiswa natural sciences. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukhona chemistry yemvelo. Ngo K Lanshteyner ekhulwini XX okuvula iqembu igazi, Freud wasebenza ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela psychoanalysis, P. Ehrlich inikeza amathuba ngamakhemikhali. U-Alexander Fleming uthola penicillin akuzange kusize ngo-1929 - lokuqala-antibiotic emhlabeni.

Izimpi nezingxabano phakathi uthi ukhuthaze cwaningo asebenzayo physics kanye nemandla enuzi. Ngo-1905, A. Einstein kuvula theory wokuhlobana kwezinto, Bohr wasebenza phezu quantum theory ye-athomu. Vula i-nucleus yama-athomu (Rutherford, 1911), i-radioactivity yokufakelwa (F. futhi I. Joliot-Curie, 1934), owokuqala fissile uranium-nucleus (Hahn, F. Shtassman, 1938).

Sifundza Isikhala wenza ama-discovery amasha kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi. Vula imisebe cosmic (V. Hess, 1911-1913), umthetho-Hubble mayelana ukwanda komkhathi (E. Hubble, 1929). It uqala cosmic ngemisebe (Karl Jansky, 1931).

ezisunguliwe Bright nokwatholakala kwekhulu XX

Okwatholwa nokwasungulwa isikhathi Ukuba kakhulu aphakeme nesikhathi sangaphambilini. Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, Melika ne-Soviet Union ukuncintisana ekudalweni kwezikhali zenuzi, kanye ukuhlola umkhathi. Kukhona ukuthuthukiswa yokuqala lwamarokhethi, iziteshi isikhala kanye nemikhumbi. ESoviet Union iqala satellite lokuqala yokufakelwa Zomhlaba, okwenza izinyathelo kuqala ngoba lolu hambo kuya enyangeni - phezu satellite umkhankaso isikhala iziteshi, rovers.

Ngo-1961, Yuri Gagarin waba umuntu wokuqala ukuvakashela isikhala. Ngo-1969 i-American uNeil Armstrong kwenza cababa enyangeni.

Bheka Armstrong ehamba phezu inyanga besingeke siphumelele uma, Kulo lelo khulu leminyaka akazange usungula ithelevishini. Umnikelo ekuthuthukiseni lesi simangaliso ubuchwepheshe wenza uVladimir Zworykin, uPhilo Farnsworth nabanye.

Ngo-1946 yena wadala amazulu ENIAC computer yokuqala, eyandulela kokusunguliwe zifana wokubala e-United States. Umsunguli wendlela prototype computer yokuqala Charlz Bebbidzh kubhekwe.

kokusungulwa kwemishini emisha ebalulekile isikhathi Ukuba - liphinde zh ukuntweza I. Kusto (1943), ibhanoyi A. M. Cheremuhina (1930), injini jet V P. Glushko (1930), Teodora Meymana laser (1960) kanye ibhomu le-athomu (1945). , igama umdali zazo igcinwe ukuqiniseka eqinile.

isiphetho

Phakathi nenkathi womlando wanamuhla futhi wesimanje ke wayenze okuningi lwesintu omkhulu nokwatholakala olufanele kanye ezisunguliwe. Abaningi babo sisebenzisa namuhla.